1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2024
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
3.1. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
3.1.1. Key Highlights
3.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
3.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
3.2. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
3.2.1. Key Highlights
3.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
3.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
3.3. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
3.3.1. Key Highlights
3.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
3.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
3.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
3.3.1.4. Guarana
3.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
3.4. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
3.4.1. Key Highlights
3.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
3.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
3.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
3.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
3.5. Global Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
3.5.1. Key Highlights
3.5.1.1. North America
3.5.1.2. Europe
3.5.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.5.1.4. Latin America
3.5.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
4.1. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
4.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
4.2. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
4.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
4.3. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
4.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
4.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
4.3.1.4. Guarana
4.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
4.4. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
4.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
4.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
4.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.5. North America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1. Key Highlights
4.5.1.1. U.S. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.2. U.S. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.3. U.S. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.4. U.S. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.5. Canada Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.6. Canada Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.7. Canada Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1.8. Canada Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
5.1. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
5.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
5.2. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
5.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
5.3. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
5.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
5.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
5.3.1.4. Guarana
5.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
5.4. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
5.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
5.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
5.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.5. Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1. Key Highlights
5.5.1.1. Germany Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.2. Germany Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.3. Germany Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.4. Germany Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.5. U.K. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.6. U.K. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.7. U.K. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.8. U.K. Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.9. France Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.10. France Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.11. France Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.12. France Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.13. Italy Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.14. Italy Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.15. Italy Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.16. Italy Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.17. Turkey Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.18. Turkey Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.19. Turkey Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.20. Turkey Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.21. Russia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.22. Russia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.23. Russia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.24. Russia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.25. Rest of Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.26. Rest of Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.27. Rest of Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.28. Rest of Europe Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
6.1. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
6.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
6.2. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
6.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
6.3. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
6.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
6.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
6.3.1.4. Guarana
6.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
6.4. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
6.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
6.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
6.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.5. Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1. Key Highlights
6.5.1.1. China Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.2. China Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.3. China Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.4. China Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.5. Japan Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.6. Japan Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.7. Japan Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.8. Japan Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.9. South Korea Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.10. South Korea Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.11. South Korea Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.12. South Korea Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.13. India Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.14. India Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.15. India Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.16. India Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.17. Southeast Asia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.18. Southeast Asia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.19. Southeast Asia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.20. Southeast Asia Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.21. Rest of Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.22. Rest of Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.23. Rest of Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.24. Rest of Asia Pacific Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
7.1. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
7.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
7.2. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
7.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
7.3. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
7.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
7.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
7.3.1.4. Guarana
7.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
7.4. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
7.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
7.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
7.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.5. Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1. Key Highlights
7.5.1.1. Brazil Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.2. Brazil Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.3. Brazil Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.4. Brazil Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.5. Mexico Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.6. Mexico Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.7. Mexico Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.8. Mexico Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.9. Argentina Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.10. Argentina Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.11. Argentina Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.12. Argentina Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.13. Rest of Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.14. Rest of Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.15. Rest of Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.16. Rest of Latin America Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
8.1. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Powdered Anhydrous Caffeine
8.1.1.2. Granular Anhydrous Caffeine
8.2. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Natural Anhydrous Caffeine
8.2.1.2. Synthetic Anhydrous Caffeine
8.3. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Coffee Beans
8.3.1.2. Tea Leaves
8.3.1.3. Cocoa Beans
8.3.1.4. Guarana
8.3.1.5. Synthetic Sources
8.4. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. Food & Beverages
8.4.1.2. Pharmaceuticals
8.4.1.3. Cosmetics & Personal Care
8.4.1.4. Dietary Supplements & Functional Food
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.5. Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1. Key Highlights
8.5.1.1. GCC Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.2. GCC Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.3. GCC Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.4. GCC Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.5. South Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.6. South Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.7. South Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.8. South Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.9. Egypt Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.10. Egypt Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.11. Egypt Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.12. Egypt Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.13. Nigeria Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.14. Nigeria Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.15. Nigeria Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.16. Nigeria Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.17. Rest of Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Form, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.18. Rest of Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.19. Rest of Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by Source, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.20. Rest of Middle East & Africa Anhydrous Caffeine Market by End Use, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Competitive Landscape
9.1. By Source vs by Type Heat map
9.2. Manufacturer vs by Type Heatmap
9.3. Company Market Share Analysis, 2024
9.4. Competitive Dashboard
9.5. Company Profiles
9.5.1. CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited
9.5.1.1. Company Overview
9.5.1.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.1.3. Financial Overview
9.5.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.2. BASF SE
9.5.2.1. Company Overview
9.5.2.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.2.3. Financial Overview
9.5.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.3. Aarti Industries Limited
9.5.3.1. Company Overview
9.5.3.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.3.3. Financial Overview
9.5.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.4. Cambridge Commodities Limited
9.5.4.1. Company Overview
9.5.4.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.4.3. Financial Overview
9.5.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.5. Central Drug House (P) Ltd.
9.5.5.1. Company Overview
9.5.5.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.5.3. Financial Overview
9.5.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.6. LobaChemie Pvt. Ltd.
9.5.6.1. Company Overview
9.5.6.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.6.3. Financial Overview
9.5.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.7. Spectrum Laboratory Products, Inc.
9.5.7.1. Company Overview
9.5.7.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.7.3. Financial Overview
9.5.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.8. FOODCHEM
9.5.8.1. Company Overview
9.5.8.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.8.3. Financial Overview
9.5.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.9. Kudos Chemie Limited
9.5.9.1. Company Overview
9.5.9.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.9.3. Financial Overview
9.5.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.10. Stabilimento Farmaceutico Cav. G. Testa Sri
9.5.10.1. Company Overview
9.5.10.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.10.3. Financial Overview
9.5.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.11. Fooding Group Limited
9.5.11.1. Company Overview
9.5.11.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.11.3. Financial Overview
9.5.11.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.12. Jayanti
9.5.12.1. Company Overview
9.5.12.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.12.3. Financial Overview
9.5.12.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.13. Bakul Group of Companies
9.5.13.1. Company Overview
9.5.13.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.13.3. Financial Overview
9.5.13.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.14. PureBulk
9.5.14.1. Company Overview
9.5.14.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.14.3. Financial Overview
9.5.14.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.15. Hangzhou Focus Corporation
9.5.15.1. Company Overview
9.5.15.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.15.3. Financial Overview
9.5.15.4. Business Strategies and Development
10. Appendix
10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations