List of Tables
TABLE 1. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 2. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 3. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 4. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 5. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 6. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 7. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 8. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 9. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 10. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CERAMICS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 11. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CERAMICS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 12. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CERAMICS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 13. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COMPOSITES, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 14. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COMPOSITES, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 15. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COMPOSITES, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 16. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY METALS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 17. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY METALS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 18. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY METALS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 19. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY POLYMERS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 20. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY POLYMERS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 21. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY POLYMERS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 22. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 23. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AEROSPACE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 24. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AEROSPACE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 25. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AEROSPACE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 26. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 27. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 28. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY AUTOMOTIVE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 29. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 30. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 31. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY CONSTRUCTION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 32. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRONICS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 33. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRONICS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 34. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ELECTRONICS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 35. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY OIL AND GAS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 36. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY OIL AND GAS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 37. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY OIL AND GAS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 38. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY FAILURE ANALYSIS, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 40. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY FAILURE ANALYSIS, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 41. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY FAILURE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 42. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION TESTING, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 43. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION TESTING, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 44. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PRODUCTION TESTING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 45. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 46. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 47. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 48. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ROUTINE INSPECTION, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 49. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ROUTINE INSPECTION, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 50. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY ROUTINE INSPECTION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 51. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 52. AMERICAS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 53. AMERICAS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 54. AMERICAS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 55. AMERICAS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 56. AMERICAS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 57. NORTH AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 58. NORTH AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 59. NORTH AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 60. NORTH AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 61. NORTH AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 62. LATIN AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 63. LATIN AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 64. LATIN AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 65. LATIN AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 66. LATIN AMERICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 67. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 68. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 69. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 70. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 71. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 72. EUROPE MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 73. EUROPE MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 74. EUROPE MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 75. EUROPE MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 76. EUROPE MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 77. MIDDLE EAST MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 78. MIDDLE EAST MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 79. MIDDLE EAST MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 80. MIDDLE EAST MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 81. MIDDLE EAST MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 82. AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 83. AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 84. AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 85. AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 86. AFRICA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 87. ASIA-PACIFIC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 88. ASIA-PACIFIC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 89. ASIA-PACIFIC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 90. ASIA-PACIFIC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 91. ASIA-PACIFIC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 92. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 93. ASEAN MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 94. ASEAN MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 95. ASEAN MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 96. ASEAN MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 97. ASEAN MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 98. GCC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 99. GCC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 100. GCC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 101. GCC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 102. GCC MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 103. EUROPEAN UNION MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 104. EUROPEAN UNION MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 105. EUROPEAN UNION MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 106. EUROPEAN UNION MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 107. EUROPEAN UNION MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 108. BRICS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 109. BRICS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 110. BRICS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 111. BRICS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 112. BRICS MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 113. G7 MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 114. G7 MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 115. G7 MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 116. G7 MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 117. G7 MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 118. NATO MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 119. NATO MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 120. NATO MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 121. NATO MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 122. NATO MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 123. GLOBAL MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 124. UNITED STATES MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 125. UNITED STATES MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 126. UNITED STATES MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 127. UNITED STATES MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 128. UNITED STATES MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 129. CHINA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 130. CHINA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY SERVICE TYPE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 131. CHINA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY MATERIAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 132. CHINA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY INDUSTRY VERTICAL, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 133. CHINA MECHANICAL TESTING & ANALYSIS SERVICES MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION STAGE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)