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Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening - Global Strategic Business Report

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    Report

  • 62 Pages
  • April 2025
  • Region: Global
  • Global Industry Analysts, Inc
  • ID: 6071401
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of market trends, drivers, and forecasts, helping you make informed business decisions. The report includes the most recent global tariff developments and how they impact the Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening market.

Global Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

Why Is Sickle Cell Anemia Testing Becoming a Global Healthcare Priority? Understanding the Rising Demand for Early Diagnosis

Sickle cell anemia testing and screening have gained increasing importance as governments and healthcare institutions prioritize early detection and disease management. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects millions worldwide, particularly in regions with high prevalence rates, such as Africa, the Middle East, India, and parts of North and South America. Early diagnosis is crucial in preventing complications such as stroke, organ damage, and severe pain crises. Governments and health organizations have ramped up newborn screening programs to ensure early intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Additionally, the expansion of premarital and prenatal screening initiatives has further reinforced the need for accessible and accurate testing solutions. As awareness of sickle cell disease grows, healthcare systems are integrating advanced screening technologies to facilitate early identification and better treatment planning.

How Are Technological Advancements Improving Sickle Cell Testing? Exploring Innovations in Diagnostic Accuracy and Accessibility

Advancements in diagnostic technology have revolutionized sickle cell anemia testing, enabling more precise, rapid, and cost-effective screening methods. Traditional laboratory tests, such as hemoglobin electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been complemented by next-generation diagnostic tools, including point-of-care (POC) testing devices, automated molecular assays, and genetic screening techniques. CRISPR-based gene-editing research has also opened possibilities for identifying genetic mutations associated with sickle cell disease, paving the way for precision medicine approaches. Furthermore, AI-powered diagnostic platforms are enhancing interpretation accuracy, reducing false positives and negatives. The expansion of decentralized testing options, including at-home and community-based screening kits, has made testing more accessible in remote areas with limited healthcare infrastructure. As testing technology continues to evolve, sickle cell anemia diagnostics are becoming more efficient, affordable, and globally accessible.

What Challenges Are Hindering the Adoption of Sickle Cell Testing? Addressing Market Barriers and Healthcare Disparities

Despite the advancements in testing technology, several challenges limit the widespread adoption of sickle cell anemia screening. Limited healthcare infrastructure in low-income regions has hindered the availability of diagnostic tools, restricting access to timely detection and treatment. The high costs associated with molecular and genetic screening methods also pose affordability concerns, making it difficult for underprivileged populations to access quality care. Additionally, inadequate awareness about sickle cell disease and testing options has led to underdiagnosis and delayed interventions, particularly in developing nations. Regulatory hurdles and inconsistent testing guidelines across different regions further complicate market expansion, requiring greater international collaboration to standardize screening programs. Addressing these challenges will require targeted investments in healthcare infrastructure, policy reforms, and public health campaigns to increase accessibility and awareness.

What’s Driving the Growth of the Sickle Cell Anemia Testing Market? Identifying Key Expansion Trends and Healthcare Initiatives

The growth in the sickle cell anemia testing and screening market is driven by several factors, including government-backed screening programs, advancements in molecular diagnostics, and increased healthcare funding. National newborn screening mandates have played a crucial role in expanding early detection efforts, prompting investments in advanced diagnostic technologies. The rising prevalence of sickle cell disease in developing countries has further accelerated the demand for affordable and scalable screening solutions. Additionally, global health organizations and non-profit initiatives are funding research and community-based programs to enhance disease awareness and testing accessibility. The expansion of genetic testing services and CRISPR-based innovations has also contributed to market growth, as personalized medicine approaches gain traction in managing sickle cell disease. With ongoing advancements in diagnostics and increasing global efforts to improve disease management, the market for sickle cell anemia testing is expected to witness sustained growth, improving patient outcomes worldwide.

Report Scope

The report analyzes the Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening market, presented in terms of market value (US$ Thousand). The analysis covers the key segments and geographic regions outlined below.

Segments: Technology (Hemoglobin, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Point-of-Care Tests, Other Tests); Age Group (Below 1 yr, 25 - 60 yrs, Others); Sector Type (Government Labs, Private Labs, Corporate Labs, PPP)

Geographic Regions/Countries: World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Why You Should Buy This Report:

  • Detailed Market Analysis: Access a thorough analysis of the Global Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market, covering all major geographic regions and market segments.
  • Competitive Insights: Get an overview of the competitive landscape, including the market presence of major players across different geographies.
  • Future Trends and Drivers: Understand the key trends and drivers shaping the future of the Global Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market.
  • Actionable Insights: Benefit from actionable insights that can help you identify new revenue opportunities and make strategic business decisions.

Key Questions Answered:

  • How is the Global Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market expected to evolve by 2034?
  • What are the main drivers and restraints affecting the market?
  • Which market segments will grow the most over the forecast period?
  • How will market shares for different regions and segments change by 2034?
  • Who are the leading players in the market, and what are their prospects?

Report Features:

  • Comprehensive Market Data: Independent analysis of annual sales and market forecasts in US$ Million from 2024 to 2034.
  • In-Depth Regional Analysis: Detailed insights into key markets, including the U.S., China, Japan, Canada, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa.
  • Company Profiles: Coverage of players such as Alpha Laboratories, ASI (Analytical Services International), Atlas Medical, Beam Therapeutics, BioMedomics Inc. and more.
  • Complimentary Updates: Receive free report updates for one year to keep you informed of the latest market developments.

Select Competitors (Total 32 Featured):

  • Alpha Laboratories
  • ASI (Analytical Services International)
  • Atlas Medical
  • Beam Therapeutics
  • BioMedomics Inc.
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc
  • bluebird bio Inc.
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
  • Cigna
  • CRISPR Therapeutics
  • Daktari Diagnostics
  • Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc.
  • Fisher Scientific
  • Functional Fluidics
  • Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. (Pfizer Inc.)
  • Hemex Health
  • HEMEX HEALTH
  • HemoTypeSC
  • Imara Inc.
  • KovaDx
  • Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
  • LABS Inc.
  • Mayo Clinic
  • Modus Therapeutics
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Quest Diagnostics
  • Sanofi SA
  • Silver Lake Research Corporation
  • STRECK, INC

Tariff Impact Analysis: Key Insights for 2025

Global tariff negotiations across 180+ countries are reshaping supply chains, costs, and competitiveness. This report reflects the latest developments as of April 2025 and incorporates forward-looking insights into the market outlook.

The analysts continuously track trade developments worldwide, drawing insights from leading global economists and over 200 industry and policy institutions, including think tanks, trade organizations, and national economic advisory bodies. This intelligence is integrated into forecasting models to provide timely, data-driven analysis of emerging risks and opportunities.

What’s Included in This Edition:

  • Tariff-adjusted market forecasts by region and segment
  • Analysis of cost and supply chain implications by sourcing and trade exposure
  • Strategic insights into geographic shifts

Buyers receive a free July 2025 update with:

  • Finalized tariff impacts and new trade agreement effects
  • Updated projections reflecting global sourcing and cost shifts
  • Expanded country-specific coverage across the industry

Table of Contents

I. METHODOLOGYII. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. MARKET OVERVIEW
  • Influencer Market Insights
  • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
  • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
  • Rising Global Awareness of Hereditary Blood Disorders Throws the Spotlight on Sickle Cell Screening Programs
  • Expansion of Neonatal and Prenatal Genetic Screening Drives Early Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia
  • OEM Innovation in Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices Enhances Access in Low-Infrastructure Settings
  • Growth in National Health Missions and Public Health Campaigns Spurs Universal Screening Mandates
  • OEM Development of Cost-Effective, High-Accuracy Lateral Flow Assays Supports Rural Deployment
  • Rising Birth Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Middle East Expands Addressable Market
  • OEM Integration of Multiplex Testing Platforms Improves Detection Accuracy and Workflow Efficiency
  • Regulatory Support for Newborn Screening and Carrier Testing Strengthens Diagnostic Uptake
  • Surge in Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Promotes Pre-Treatment Genotyping and Risk Stratification
  • OEM Collaboration With Blood Banks and Pediatric Hospitals Enhances Institutional Testing Infrastructure
  • Expansion of Community-Based Outreach Models Encourages Voluntary Screening and Genetic Counseling
  • OEM Focus on Mobile Diagnostic Vans and Home Collection Models Expands Reach in Underserved Regions
  • Increasing Use of Telemedicine for Genetic Interpretation and Counseling Supports Screening Continuity
  • OEM Investment in Digital Records and National Screening Registries Enhances Patient Tracking
  • Rising Support From NGOs and Global Health Agencies Drives Free or Subsidized Testing Programs
  • OEM Partnerships With Pharma Companies Enable Companion Diagnostics in Targeted SCD Treatments
  • Growth in Workplace and School-Based Screening Initiatives Supports Preventive Health Policies
  • OEM Innovation in Saliva and Dried Blood Spot Sampling Improves Testing in Infants and Adolescents
  • Shift Toward Carrier Identification and Premarital Screening Programs Promotes Informed Reproductive Choices
  • Focus on Equity, Inclusion, and Stigma Reduction Enhances Public Acceptance of Mass Screening Campaigns
4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
  • TABLE 1: World Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2030
  • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 4: World 15-Year Perspective for Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hemoglobin by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Hemoglobin by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 7: World 15-Year Perspective for Hemoglobin by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 10: World 15-Year Perspective for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Point-of-Care Tests by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Point-of-Care Tests by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 13: World 15-Year Perspective for Point-of-Care Tests by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Tests by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for Other Tests by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 16: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Tests by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 17: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Corporate Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 18: World Historic Review for Corporate Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 19: World 15-Year Perspective for Corporate Labs by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 20: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PPP by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 21: World Historic Review for PPP by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 22: World 15-Year Perspective for PPP by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 23: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Government Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 24: World Historic Review for Government Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 25: World 15-Year Perspective for Government Labs by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 26: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Private Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 27: World Historic Review for Private Labs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 28: World 15-Year Perspective for Private Labs by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 29: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Below 1 yr by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 30: World Historic Review for Below 1 yr by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 31: World 15-Year Perspective for Below 1 yr by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 32: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for 25 - 60 yrs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 33: World Historic Review for 25 - 60 yrs by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 34: World 15-Year Perspective for 25 - 60 yrs by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • TABLE 35: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Others by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 36: World Historic Review for Others by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
  • TABLE 37: World 15-Year Perspective for Others by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
III. MARKET ANALYSIS
  • UNITED STATES
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
  • CANADA
  • JAPAN
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
  • CHINA
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
  • EUROPE
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
  • FRANCE
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
  • GERMANY
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
  • ITALY
  • UNITED KINGDOM
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
  • SPAIN
  • RUSSIA
  • REST OF EUROPE
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
  • AUSTRALIA
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
  • INDIA
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
  • SOUTH KOREA
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
  • LATIN AMERICA
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
  • ARGENTINA
  • BRAZIL
  • MEXICO
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
  • MIDDLE EAST
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
  • IRAN
  • ISRAEL
  • SAUDI ARABIA
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
  • AFRICA
  • Sickle Cell Anemia Testing and Screening Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
IV. COMPETITION

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

  • Alpha Laboratories
  • ASI (Analytical Services International)
  • Atlas Medical
  • Beam Therapeutics
  • BioMedomics Inc.
  • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc
  • bluebird bio Inc.
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
  • Cigna
  • CRISPR Therapeutics
  • Daktari Diagnostics
  • Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc.
  • Fisher Scientific
  • Functional Fluidics
  • Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. (Pfizer Inc.)
  • Hemex Health
  • HEMEX HEALTH
  • HemoTypeSC
  • Imara Inc.
  • KovaDx
  • Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
  • LABS Inc.
  • Mayo Clinic
  • Modus Therapeutics
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Quest Diagnostics
  • Sanofi SA
  • Silver Lake Research Corporation
  • STRECK, INC