+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Crop Insurance Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Type (Multi-peril Crop Insurance, Crop-hail Insurance, Revenue Insurance), Coverage, Distribution Channel, and Region with Growth Forecasts, 2025-2030

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 150 Pages
  • May 2025
  • Region: Global
  • Grand View Research
  • ID: 6098177
Description Jump to:
The Crop Insurance Market was valued at USD 38.70 billion in 2024, and is projected to reach USD 53.64 billion by 2030, rising at a CAGR of 6.10%. The increasing unpredictability of climate patterns and the rising incidence of extreme weather events drive the market's growth. Farmers worldwide face growing risks from floods, droughts, hailstorms, and heat waves, which can severely damage crops and reduce agricultural output. This increasing climate volatility has made traditional farming riskier, pushing farmers to seek financial protection through insurance. Crop insurance provides a safety net by compensating for losses due to these natural calamities, enabling farmers to recover faster and continue operations.

As climate change intensifies, the need for structured risk management tools like crop insurance is becoming more urgent, fueling market demand. Government support and subsidy programs also play a major role in boosting crop insurance adoption. In several countries, especially the U.S., India, and China, governments provide subsidized premiums or operate public insurance schemes to protect farmers from crop loss. These programs significantly lower the cost burden on farmers, making insurance accessible even to smallholders. Moreover, some government-backed schemes are mandatory for farmers to access financial assistance or agricultural loans, further increasing coverage. This proactive involvement by governments has expanded the crop insurance market by ensuring large-scale participation and economic viability.

In addition, the increasing importance of agricultural finance contributes to the market growth. Crop insurance is often a prerequisite for farmers to access bank loans or credit from financial institutions. By reducing the lender's risk, insurance enables farmers to secure the necessary capital for investing in seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Many financial institutions even link loan eligibility directly to crop insurance coverage, making it a critical tool for credit access. This interdependence between agricultural financing and insurance is particularly impactful in developing economies, where formal credit access is expanding.

High administrative costs and complex claim processes restrain the growth of the market. Traditional crop insurance systems often involve cumbersome paperwork, manual verification, and slow claim settlement, which frustrates farmers and reduces satisfaction. In some government-run programs, payment delays or inadequate compensation further erode trust in the system. Insurers face operational challenges due to fragmented farm records, a lack of digitization, and difficulty reaching remote agricultural areas. These inefficiencies increase the cost of delivering insurance services and reduce the profitability and scalability of insurance schemes.

Global Crop Insurance Market Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2018 to 2030. For this study, the analyst has segmented the global crop insurance market report based on type, coverage, distribution channel, and region.

Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2018-2030)

  • Multi-peril Crop Insurance (MPCI)
  • Crop-hail Insurance
  • Revenue Insurance

Coverage Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2018-2030)

  • Yield Protection
  • Revenue Protection
  • Price Protection

Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2018-2030)

  • Government Agencies
  • Insurance Companies
  • Others

Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2018-2030)

  • North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Australia
  • Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Middle East and Africa (MEA)
  • KSA
  • UAE
  • South Africa

This report addresses:

  • Market intelligence to enable effective decision-making
  • Market estimates and forecasts from 2018 to 2030
  • Growth opportunities and trend analyses
  • Segment and regional revenue forecasts for market assessment
  • Competition strategy and market share analysis
  • Product innovation listings for you to stay ahead of the curve

Why Should You Buy This Report?

  • Comprehensive Market Analysis: Gain detailed insights into the market across major regions and segments.
  • Competitive Landscape: Explore the market presence of key players.
  • Future Trends: Discover the pivotal trends and drivers shaping the future of the market.
  • Actionable Recommendations: Utilize insights to uncover new revenue streams and guide strategic business decisions.

This product will be delivered within 1-3 business days.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
1.1. Market Segmentation and Scope
1.2. Research Methodology
1.2.1. Information Procurement
1.3. Information or Data Analysis
1.4. Methodology
1.5. Research Scope and Assumptions
1.6. Market Formulation & Validation
1.7. Country Based Segment Share Calculation
1.8. List of Data Sources
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Outlook
2.2. Segment Outlook
2.3. Competitive Insights
Chapter 3. Crop Insurance Market Variables, Trends, & Scope
3.1. Market Lineage Outlook
3.2. Market Dynamics
3.2.1. Market Driver Analysis
3.2.2. Market Restraint Analysis
3.2.3. Industry Challenge
3.3. Crop Insurance Market Analysis Tools
3.3.1. Industry Analysis - Porter’s
3.3.1.1. Bargaining power of the suppliers
3.3.1.2. Bargaining power of the buyers
3.3.1.3. Threats of substitution
3.3.1.4. Threats from new entrants
3.3.1.5. Competitive rivalry
3.3.2. PESTEL Analysis
3.3.2.1. Political landscape
3.3.2.2. Economic landscape
3.3.2.3. Social landscape
3.3.2.4. Technological landscape
3.3.2.5. Environmental landscape
3.3.2.6. Legal landscape
Chapter 4. Crop Insurance Market: Type Estimates & Trend Analysis
4.1. Segment Dashboard
4.2. Crop Insurance Market: Type Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
4.3. Multi-peril Crop Insurance (MPCI)
4.3.1. Multi-peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
4.4. Crop-hail Insurance
4.4.1. Crop-hail Insurance Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
4.5. Revenue Insurance
4.5.1. Revenue Insurance Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 5. Crop Insurance Market: Coverage Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Crop Insurance Market: Coverage Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
5.3. Yield Protection
5.3.1. Yield Protection Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
5.4. Revenue Protection
5.4.1. Revenue Protection Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
5.5. Price Protection
5.5.1. Price Protection Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 6. Crop Insurance Market: Distribution Channel Estimates & Trend Analysis
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Crop Insurance Market: Distribution Channel Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
6.3. Government Agencies
6.3.1. Government Agencies Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
6.4. Insurance Companies
6.4.1. Insurance Companies Cards Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
6.5. Others
6.5.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 7. Crop Insurance Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1. Crop Insurance Market Share, By Region, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
7.2. North America
7.2.1. North America Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.2.2. U.S.
7.2.2.1. U.S. Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.2.3. Canada
7.2.3.1. Canada Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.2.4. Mexico
7.2.4.1. Mexico Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.3. Europe
7.3.1. Europe Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.3.2. UK
7.3.2.1. UK Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.3.3. Germany
7.3.3.1. Germany Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.3.4. France
7.3.4.1. France Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4. Asia Pacific
7.4.1. Asia Pacific Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4.2. China
7.4.2.1. China Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4.3. Japan
7.4.3.1. Japan Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4.4. India
7.4.4.1. India Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4.5. South Korea
7.4.5.1. South Korea Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.4.6. Australia
7.4.6.1. Australia Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.5. Latin America
7.5.1. Latin America Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2. Brazil
7.5.2.1. Brazil Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.6. Middle East and Africa
7.6.1. Middle East and Africa Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.6.2. UAE
7.6.2.1. UAE Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.6.3. KSA
7.6.3.1. KSA Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
7.6.4. South Africa
7.6.4.1. South Africa Crop Insurance Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 8. Competitive Landscape
8.1. Company Categorization
8.2. Company Market Positioning
8.3. Company Heat Map Analysis
8.4. Company Profiles/Listing
8.4.1. Kshema General Insurance Limited
8.4.1.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.1.2. Financial Performance
8.4.1.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.2. QBE Insurance Ltd.
8.4.2.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.2.2. Financial Performance
8.4.2.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.3. Chubb
8.4.3.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.3.2. Financial Performance
8.4.3.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.4. Zurich
8.4.4.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.4.2. Financial Performance
8.4.4.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.5. Sompo
8.4.5.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.5.2. Financial Performance
8.4.5.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.6. Great American Insurance Company
8.4.6.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.6.2. Financial Performance
8.4.6.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.7. American International Group, Inc.
8.4.7.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.7.2. Financial Performance
8.4.7.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.8. Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited
8.4.8.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.8.2. Financial Performance
8.4.8.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.9. Tokio Marine HCC
8.4.9.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.9.2. Financial Performance
8.4.9.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.9.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.4.10. FBL Financial Group, Inc
8.4.10.1. Participant’s Overview
8.4.10.2. Financial Performance
8.4.10.3. Product Benchmarking
8.4.10.4. Strategic Initiatives
List of Tables
Table 1 Global crop insurance market size estimates & forecasts 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 2 Global crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 3 Global crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 4 Global crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 Global crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 Multi-peril crop insurance (MPCI) crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 Crop-hail insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 B2B crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 Revenue insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 Yield protection market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 Price protection market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 Government agencies crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 Insurance companies crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 Others crop insurance market, by region 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 North America crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 North America crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 North America crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 U.S. crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 U.S. crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 U.S. crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 Canada crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 Canada crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 Canada crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 Mexico crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 Mexico crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 Mexico crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 Europe crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 Europe crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 Europe crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 UK crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 UK crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 UK crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 Germany crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 Germany crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 Germany crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 France crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 France crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 France crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Asia Pacific crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Asia Pacific crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 Asia Pacific crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 China crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 China crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 China crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 India crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 India crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 India crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 Japan crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 Japan crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 Japan crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 Australia crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 Australia crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Australia crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 South Korea crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 South Korea crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 South Korea crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 Latin America crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 Latin America crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 Latin America crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 Brazil crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 Brazil crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 Brazil crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 MEA crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 MEA crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 MEA crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 UAE crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 67 UAE crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 68 UAE crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 69 KSA crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 70 KSA crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 71 KSA crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 72 South Africa crop insurance market, by type 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 73 South Africa crop insurance market, by coverage 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Table 74 South Africa crop insurance market, by distribution channel 2018-2030 (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1 Crop insurance market segmentation
Figure 2 Market research process
Figure 3 Information procurement
Figure 4 Primary research pattern
Figure 5 Market research approaches
Figure 6 Value chain-based sizing & forecasting
Figure 7 Parent market analysis
Figure 8 Market formulation & validation
Figure 9 Crop insurance market snapshot
Figure 10 Crop insurance market segment snapshot
Figure 11 Crop insurance market competitive landscape snapshot
Figure 12 Market research process
Figure 13 Market driver relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
Figure 14 Market restraint relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
Figure 15 Crop insurance market, type outlook key takeaways (USD Million)
Figure 16 Crop insurance market type movement analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 17 Multi-peril crop insurance (MPCI) market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 18 Crop-hail insurance market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 19 Revenue insurance market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 20 Crop insurance market: Coverage outlook key takeaways (USD Million)
Figure 21 Crop insurance market: Coverage movement analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 22 Yield protection market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 23 Revenue protection market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 24 Price protection market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 25 Crop insurance market: Distribution channel outlook key takeaways (USD Million)
Figure 26 Crop insurance market: Distribution channel movement analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 27 Government agencies market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 28 Insurance companies market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 29 Others market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 30 Regional marketplace: Key takeaways
Figure 31 Crop insurance market: Regional outlook, 2024 & 2030 (USD Million)
Figure 32 North America crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 33 U.S. crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 34 Canada crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 35 Mexico crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 36 Europe crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 37 UK crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 38 Germany crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 39 France crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 40 Asia Pacific crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 41 Japan crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 42 China crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 43 India crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 44 Australia crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 45 South Korea crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 46 Latin America crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 47 Brazil crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 48 MEA crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 49 KSA crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 50 UAE crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 51 South Africa crop insurance market estimates and forecasts, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Figure 52 Strategy framework
Figure 53 Company Categorization

Companies Mentioned

The major companies featured in this Crop Insurance market report include:
  • Kshema General Insurance Limited
  • QBE Insurance Ltd.
  • Chubb
  • Zurich
  • Sompo
  • Great American Insurance Company
  • American International Group, Inc.
  • Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited
  • Tokio Marine HCC
  • FBL Financial Group, Inc

Table Information

Report AttributeDetails
No. of Pages150
PublishedMay 2025
Forecast Period2024 - 2030
Estimated Market Value ( USD ) in 2024 $ 38.7 Billion
Forecasted Market Value ( USD ) by 2030 $ 53.64 Billion
Compound Annual Growth Rate6.1%
Regions CoveredGlobal
No. of Companies Mentioned11

Related Topics

Related Reports

Crop Insurance Market by Crop Type, Insurance Type, Distribution Channel, Premium Type, Farm Size - Global Forecast to 2030 - Product Image

Crop Insurance Market by Crop Type, Insurance Type, Distribution Channel, Premium Type, Farm Size - Global Forecast to 2030

  • Report
  • 193 Pages
  • Global
From
Crop Meteorological Index Insurance Market by Crop Type, Distribution Channel, Product Type, End User, Coverage Level, Premium Payment - Global Forecast to 2030 - Product Image

Crop Meteorological Index Insurance Market by Crop Type, Distribution Channel, Product Type, End User, Coverage Level, Premium Payment - Global Forecast to 2030

  • Report
  • 194 Pages
  • Global
From
Crop Insurance - Global Strategic Business Report - Product Image

Crop Insurance - Global Strategic Business Report

  • Report
  • 280 Pages
  • Global
From
Crop Insurance Market Size, Share, Trends and Forecast by Coverage, Distribution Channel, and Region, 2025-2033 - Product Image

Crop Insurance Market Size, Share, Trends and Forecast by Coverage, Distribution Channel, and Region, 2025-2033

  • Report
  • 136 Pages
  • Global
From
Crop Reinsurance Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2030 - Product Image

Crop Reinsurance Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2030

  • Report
  • 150 Pages
  • Global
From
Copyright © 2002-2025 Research and Markets. All Rights Reserved.