With renal dysfunction affecting millions worldwide, this book presents a timely and integrative look at emerging insights - from molecular foundations to clinical management. It explores the intricate mechanisms, systemic impact, and clinical complexities of kidney diseases in a multidisciplinary context.
Spanning a broad spectrum of conditions, the book addresses renal tubular acidosis, polycystic kidney disease, renal lithiasis, diabetic kidney disease, and sodium imbalance-linked hypertension. Chapters delve into nephrotoxicity, loss of cellular identity in renal carcinoma, epigenetics, dysbiosis, and the evolving role of SGLT2 inhibitors.
The book also highlights innovative approaches such as stem cell therapy and the systemic immune interactions that underlie chronic kidney injury.
Key Features:
- Examines genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of renal disease
- Explores microbiota and immune system crosstalk in kidney pathology
- Discusses both acute and chronic conditions with clinical relevance
- Integrates foundational science with translational perspectives
- Includes emerging therapies and precision medicine approaches
Table of Contents
FOREWORD
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 METABOLISM IN KIDNEY DISEASE
Azalia Ávila-Nava, Isabel Medina-Vera and Consuelo Plata
INTRODUCTION
FATTY ACID OXIDATION (FAO)
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
METABOLIC CHANGES IN KIDNEY DISEASE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RENAL DISEASE
Ana Carolina Ariza and Consuelo Plata
INTRODUCTION
MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
MECHANISMS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AKI AND CKD
MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND RENAL DAMAGE
SIRTUINS AND OTHER THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN AKI
Structure
Dynamics
Biogenesis
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP)
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 INFLAMMATION IN KIDNEY DISEASES
Azalia Ávila-Nava, Nayeli Goreti Nieto-Velázquez and Isabel Medina-Vera
INTRODUCTION
Inflammation: Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Etiology and Outcomes of Inflammation in CKD
Role of Proinflammatory Biomarkers in Renal Injury
Anti-inflammatory Therapies in CKD: Diet Bioactive Compounds, Prebiotics, Probiotics Use, and Intradialytic Exercise
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Ana Ligia Gutiérrez-Solís and Nina Mendez-Domínguez
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METS COMPONENTS IN CKD
DIAGNOSIS OF METS IN PATIENTS WITH CKD
TREATMENT OF METS IN PATIENTS WITH COEXISTING CKD
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 CURRENT DEFINITIONS, BIOMARKERS, AND TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Juan Carlos Diaz Núñez and Rafael Valdez Ortiz
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 NON-ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS: RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
Juan Reyna-Blanco
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGY OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
Acid-base Balance in Proximal Tubules and Ammonia Genesis
Acid-base Balance in the Distal Nephron
Classification of Renal Tubular Acidosis
Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (type 2)
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type 1)
Hyperkalaemic Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type 4)
Approach and Diagnosis of Renal Tubular Acidosis
Urine Anion Gap (UAG)
Urine Osmolality (UOG)
Urine pH
Citrate Excretion
Urine PCO2
Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Test
Acid Loading Test
TREATMENT
Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD)
Cristino Cruz, Claudia J. Bautista and Victoria Ramírez
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ADPKD
ARPKD
Reported Mutations
GENETICS OF PKD DISEASE
PKD1
PKD2
PKHD1
New Genes involved in PKD
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Molecular Mechanisms
DIAGNOSIS
CURRENT NOVEL STUDIES AND TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 RENAL LITHIASIS: CURRENT CONCEPTS ABOUT A MILLENARY DISEASE
Roberto Lugo and Martha Medina-Escobedo
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PHYSIOPATHOLOGY
TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES
RISK FACTORS FOR RENAL DISEASE IN LITHIASIS
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Clinical History of Renal Lithiasis
Diagnoses by Imaging
Methods to Determine the Stone Composition
CURRENT STUDIES OF RENAL LITHIASIS
TREATMENT OF KIDNEY STONES
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 SODIUM IMBALANCE AND HYPERTENSION: AN OLD AND CURRENT DISEASE
Mercedes Aguilar-Soto and Fabio Solis-Jiménez
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
CURRENT AND NOVEL STUDIES (THE STATE OF THE ART)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A VERSATILE DISEASE
María De Los Ángeles Granados-Silvestre, Guadalupe Ortiz-López and Katy SánchezPozos
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
Biomarkers
CURRENT AND NOVEL STUDIES (THE STATE OF THE ART)
Genetic Variants Associated with DKD
Transcriptomics
Epigenetics
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 THE NEPHROTOXICITY BY CHEMICALS
Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz, Estefany Ingrid Medina-Reyes and José PedrazaChaverri
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Clinical Renal Syndromes
Acute Kidney Injury
Tubulopathies
Protein Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Nephrotoxins
DIAGNOSIS
CURRENT AND NOVEL STUDIES (THE STATE OF THE ART)
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 LOSS OF CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN RENAL CARCINOMA
Jazmin Marlen Pérez-Rojas
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RCC
Classification
Risk Factors
Hypertension
Obesity and Dyslipidemia
Genetics
TREATMENT
Surgery
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Other Therapies
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 EPIGENETICS IN RENAL DISEASES
Karina Robledo-Márquez, Yadira Ramírez and Joyce Trujillo
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CURRENT AND NOVEL STUDIES
DNA Methylation and Demethylation
Chromatin Structure Modifications
Histone Modifications
Acetylation
Methylation
Crotonylation
Non-coding RNAs
EPIGENETICS IN DIAGNOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 FROM STEM CELLS TO ONE FUNCTIONAL KIDNEY
Ana Laura Calderón-Garcidueñas
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY
EMBRYOLOGY
VASCULAR ORGANIZATION
SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND REGENERATIVE PROCESS
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
JAK/STAT
Wnt-GSK3-β-Catenin Pathway
