Organoids are miniature in vitro 3D models that mimic the near-physiological structure and function of the respective tissues and organs. Organoid bioengineering is a transdisciplinary approach that uses stem cells capacity to self-renew, differentiate into several lineages, and self-organize into organoids. Using organoid bioengineering, scientists have employed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and tissue-resident adult stem cells (ASCs) to generate these tiny tissue replicas.
Several research teams have developed endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal organoids by manipulating stem cells in vitro. Numerous organoids may now be created, including those of the kidney, brain, lung, colon, intestine, breast, retina, and liver. Given the gap between animal-based models and human disease pathology, a paradigm change was required to simulate human diseases accurately. The 3D human organoid platform provides an unmatched opportunity to develop better models and get a more profound knowledge of human pathophysiology. Organoids provide information on human disease-related processes, such as disease-specific signaling alterations, cell-cell interactions, therapeutic target identification, therapeutic screening, and discovery.
Organoid technology has been used to model diseases across different organ systems, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Recent advances, including the development of the novel organoid platform, engineering organoid complexity, disease modeling, introducing pathological aspects together, and drug discovery, have provided a ray of hope for human-specific therapeutic discovery. Patient-derived tumor organoids may be created from individual patients, biobank, and use for therapeutic screening and personalized treatment. Significant progress is made toward large-scale organoid production. Novel technologies like high-resolution 3D imaging, genome editing, hybrid culture techniques, single-cell transcriptomics, microfluidics, organ on a chip, 3D printing, nanotechnology, and other cutting-edge technologies facilitate the development of physiologically accurate human disease models.
Significant numbers of animal-based preclinical studies leading to human clinical trials fail due to safety or efficacy concerns, raising the question of whether animal experiments can truly aid in the development of effective therapies and at what cost. Numerous alternatives, such as in vitro human-specific 3D microphysiological systems such as organoids and microfluidic-based organs-on-a-chip that closely mimic the human physiology and architecture, have enabled cutting-edge animal-free research. Although optimistic, these technologies has not yet attained its summit, and a complete substitution of animal-based experiments may take decades.
Scientists believe that adressing the obstacles of appropriate validation, proper standards, development of protocols for large-scale production, funding, regulatory rules, and ethical issues may enhance the use of human biology-based models, thereby improving the lives of humans and animals. In an endeavor to reduce animal dependence, in late December 2022, President Joseph Biden signed a law that novel therapeutics no longer require animal experimentation. After eight decades of medication safety regulation, this long-awaited action could help end animal experimentation and make therapeutic interventions that are tangible and effective. The purpose of these chapters is to shed light on the developing resources addressing the concepts of organoids and disease models, including cancer. This book focuses on organ-specific organoids and disease modeling.
Several research teams have developed endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal organoids by manipulating stem cells in vitro. Numerous organoids may now be created, including those of the kidney, brain, lung, colon, intestine, breast, retina, and liver. Given the gap between animal-based models and human disease pathology, a paradigm change was required to simulate human diseases accurately. The 3D human organoid platform provides an unmatched opportunity to develop better models and get a more profound knowledge of human pathophysiology. Organoids provide information on human disease-related processes, such as disease-specific signaling alterations, cell-cell interactions, therapeutic target identification, therapeutic screening, and discovery.
Organoid technology has been used to model diseases across different organ systems, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Recent advances, including the development of the novel organoid platform, engineering organoid complexity, disease modeling, introducing pathological aspects together, and drug discovery, have provided a ray of hope for human-specific therapeutic discovery. Patient-derived tumor organoids may be created from individual patients, biobank, and use for therapeutic screening and personalized treatment. Significant progress is made toward large-scale organoid production. Novel technologies like high-resolution 3D imaging, genome editing, hybrid culture techniques, single-cell transcriptomics, microfluidics, organ on a chip, 3D printing, nanotechnology, and other cutting-edge technologies facilitate the development of physiologically accurate human disease models.
Significant numbers of animal-based preclinical studies leading to human clinical trials fail due to safety or efficacy concerns, raising the question of whether animal experiments can truly aid in the development of effective therapies and at what cost. Numerous alternatives, such as in vitro human-specific 3D microphysiological systems such as organoids and microfluidic-based organs-on-a-chip that closely mimic the human physiology and architecture, have enabled cutting-edge animal-free research. Although optimistic, these technologies has not yet attained its summit, and a complete substitution of animal-based experiments may take decades.
Scientists believe that adressing the obstacles of appropriate validation, proper standards, development of protocols for large-scale production, funding, regulatory rules, and ethical issues may enhance the use of human biology-based models, thereby improving the lives of humans and animals. In an endeavor to reduce animal dependence, in late December 2022, President Joseph Biden signed a law that novel therapeutics no longer require animal experimentation. After eight decades of medication safety regulation, this long-awaited action could help end animal experimentation and make therapeutic interventions that are tangible and effective. The purpose of these chapters is to shed light on the developing resources addressing the concepts of organoids and disease models, including cancer. This book focuses on organ-specific organoids and disease modeling.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Bioengineering Organoids for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery- Introduction
- Organoid Technology
- Pluripotent Stem Cell (Psc)-Derived Organoids
- Adult Stem Cell-Derived Organoids
- Germ-Line Specific Organoids
- Endoderm-Derived Organoids
- Lung Organoids
- Gastric Organoids
- Liver Organoids
- Pancreas Organoids
- Intestinal Organoids
- Mesoderm-Derived Organoids
- Renal Organoids
- Bone Organoids
- Ectoderm-Derived Organoids
- Mammary Gland-Derived Organoid
- Brain Organoids
- History of Brain Organoid Research
- Modelling Neural Networks in Vitro
- Applications of Cns Organoid Models
- Disease Modeling Using Organoids
- Organoid and Cancer Disease Modeling
- Organoid and Infectious Diseases Discussed in the Context of COVID-19
- Genetic Diseases/Disorders
- Organoid Bioengineering and Drug Screening
- Organoid Imaging
- Organoid and Tissue Regeneration
- 3D Printing and Organoids
- Commercial Prospects and Biobank
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Introduction and the Basics of Organoids
- Disease Modeling and Organoids
- Congenital Conditions
- Cancer Organoids
- Infectious Diseases
- Methods in Organoid Technology
- Gene Editing in Organoids
- Microfluidics and Organoids: a Quantum Leap
- Organoid Model for Drug Discovery
- High Throughput Drug Screening for Drug Discovery
- Drug Screening for Personalized Medicine
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Introduction
- Establishment of Intestinal Organoid Culture System
- Research and Development
- Adult Intestinal Stem Cell-Derived Organoids
- Fetal Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Organoids
- Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids
- Engineering Intestinal Organoids for Disease Modeling
- Developmental Biology and Homeostasis in Intestine
- Modified Organoid Culture Systems
- Organoid Co-Culture System to Model Diseases
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Culture as An Infectious Disease Model
- Culture Milieu Modification to Mimic Diseases
- Organoids Derived from Diseased Tissue
- Colorectal Cancer (Crc)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ibd)
- Monogenic Disorders
- Engineered Biomaterials and Ecm Scaffolds
- Genetic Editing of Intestinal Organoids
- Conclusion, Limitations and Future Directions
- References
- Introduction
- Physiology of Bone and Key Parameters
- Types and Sources of Cells for Bone Tissue Bioengineering
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (Mscs)
- Osteoblasts (Bone-Forming Cells)
- Osteoclasts (Bone-Resorbing Cells), Cell Lines, and Stem Cell
- Strategies for Development of Bone Organoids
- Scaffold Free Self-Organization Approach
- Scaffold Based Approaches
- Bone Models Based on Hydrogels
- Naturally Derived Polymer Hydrogels
- Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels
- Bead-Based Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering
- 3D Printing
- Biocomposite Inks for 3D Printing Techniques
- Dynamic Culture Systems for Culturing Bone Models Under Controlled Conditions
- Bioreactors
- Microfluidics
- Applications of Bone Organoids
- Disease Modelling
- Study of Tissue Development
- Drug Development, Screening, and Precision Medicine
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Introduction
- Background of Organoids
- 3D Culture Models
- Organoids Vs. Spheroid
- Cardiac Organoids
- Empirical Approaches to Generating Human Cardiac Organoids
- Assembloids
- Applications of Cardiac Organoids
- Organoids to Model Cardiovascular Disease and Screen for New Drug Therapies
- Myocardial Infarction Model
- Heart Failure Model
- Congenital Cardiac Disease Model
- Arrhythmia Model
- Limitations of Cardiac Organoids
- Conclusion
- Abbreviation
- References
- Introduction
- Cell Culture Techniques for Drug Repurposing Applications in COVID-19 Models
- Air Liquid Interface (Ali) Models
- Spherical Cultures
- Organ-On-A-Chip
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Introduction
- Stem Cells and Their Application in Organoids Research
- Organoids and Their Applications in Biomedical Sciences
- Normal Intestinal Organoids
- Normal Liver Organoids
- Ipsc-Derived 3D Liver Organoid Models
- Adult Stem Cell-Derived 3D Liver Organoids
- Cholangiocyte Organoids
- Normal Lung Organoids
- Normal Brain Organoids
- Organoids and Cancer
- Colon Cancer Organoids
- Lung Cancer Organoids
- Breast Cancer Organoids
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Introduction
- Lung Organoid and Modeling Tumor
- Development of Lung Organoids
- Lung Organoids for Studying Lung Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Screening
- Lung Tumor Organoids and Tumor Modeling
- Lung Cancer Organoid and Drug Screening
- Lung Cancer Organoid and Immune-Oncology
- Studying Lung Tumor Cell-Microenvironment Interaction Using Tumor Organoids
- Lung Organoids and Future Directions
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Introduction
- History of Additive Manufacturing
- Additive Manufacturing: General Principles and Working Procedure
- Conceptualization
- Computer-Aided Design (Cad)
- A .Stl File/Amf File
- G Code
- Manufacturing
- Cleaning
- Post-Processing
- Additive Manufacturing Processes
- Powder Bed Fusion
- Directed Energy Deposition (Ded)
- Sheet Lamination/ Laminated Additive Manufacturing
- Binder Jetting
- Material Extrusion
Author
- Manash K. Paul
