Passenger Car Brake-by-Wire (BBW) Research Report, 2025

Brake-by-Wire: EHB to Be Installed in 12 Million Vehicles in 2025

1. EHB Have Been Installed in over 10 Million Vehicles, A Figure to Hit 12 Million in 2025.

In 2024, the brake-by-wire, Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB), was installed in more than 10 million vehicles, representing a year-on-year upsurge of 61.4%. From January to July 2025, EHB was installed in nearly 6 million vehicles, and it is expected that the full-year EHB installations in 2025 will surpass 12 million vehicles. In terms of installation rate, the full-year installation rate in 2025 is projected to exceed 50%.

By EHB technology type, the market share of OneBox products was on the rise, hitting 79.4% in 2024 (compared to 63.3% in 2023), and further climbing to 86.6% from January to July 2025. In the OneBox market, Bosch, Continental, and Bethel took a combined market share of over 70%.

2. EMB Was Approved for Installation in Vehicles

On May 30, 2025, the national mandatory standard GB21670-2025 Technical Requirements and Testing Methods for Passenger Car Braking Systems was released. This standard will come into effect on January 1, 2026. As a mandatory standard for automotive braking systems, the new standard sets minimum safety performance requirements for passenger car braking systems and serves as the baseline for vehicle safety design. The standard is directly linked to announcement and approval for vehicle entry and 3C certification, and vehicle models that fail to meet the standard are prohibited from being marketed. The release and implementation of this standard also symbolize the approval of EMB systems for installation in vehicles. After January 1, 2026, the installation of EMB in vehicles will have a 'legal basis'.

In the GB21670-2025, the term 'Electrical Transmission Braking System (ETBS)' is added for the first time. It refers to a braking system in which the service braking force and its transmission are powered solely by an electrical storage device controlled by the driver. In addition to the new term ETBS, the standard also specifies requirements for the core technologies of ETBS, including:

(1) Power Supply Redundancy and Real-Time Monitoring

• Dual redundant power supply: In case of a main power supply failure, the backup power supply shall take over seamlessly within 5 seconds to ensure uninterrupted system operation.
• Electrical storage device monitoring: Multi-level (4 levels recommended) aging alarm thresholds shall be set to provide remaining life prediction and health status management (SOH/SOC monitoring).
• Power output alarm mechanism: When the power is lower than the system operation threshold, a yellow alarm (Pw) must be issued to alert the driver and the backend system.
• Energy storage system backup path design: Support battery hybrid topology to improve the ability to respond to instantaneous high currents and system safety redundancy.

(2) Braking Performance Redundancy Protection Mechanism

• Independent dual braking circuits: The system shall include two physically or functionally independent circuits to ensure that if one circuit fails, the other can provide basic braking performance (≥2.44 m/s²).
• Emergency strategy for extremely low electrical capacity: When the remaining electrical capacity is as low as the red warning threshold, the vehicle speed shall be forced to decrease to below 20 km/h within 60 seconds to avoid the risk of loss of control at high speeds.
• Parking brake protection: Even if the main power supply fails completely, the parking holding function shall still be achieved through electrical or mechanical backup to prevent the vehicle from rolling on slopes.

(3) Durability and Reliability Verification

• Continuous braking cycle test: The power supply system shall withstand 20 consecutive 'brake-release' cycles without power failure or performance degradation.
• Extreme energy storage test: When the electrical storage device has the remaining capacity for only 9 braking cycles, it shall still meet the minimum emergency deceleration standard.
• Redundancy verification after failure: After a failure in any transmission path, the controller shall be able to complete 8 actuations, and the 9th emergency braking shall still achieve the standard deceleration.

(4) Functional Safety Requirements (in accordance with GB/T 34590/ISO 26262)

• The ETBS belongs to the high-risk function at ASIL-D level and shall comply with the functional safety V-model process and meet quantitative indicators.
• Hardware quantitative indicators: Single point fault metric (SPFM): >99% (ASIL D requirement); latent fault metric (LFM): >90%; probabilistic metric for random hardware failures (PMHF): < 10⁻⁸/h
• Software design requirements: Structural coverage (e.g., MC/DC coverage: ≥100%) at the unit/architecture level shall be achieved.

The GB21670-2025 provides policy endorsement for mass production of EMB, and also offers reference specifications for the industry's development, including requirements for redundancy design, functional safety, and reliability verification, forcing enterprises to improve related technologies.

3. Brake-by-Wire Suppliers Compete for the First Place in EMB Mass Production

In 2025, the mass production process of EMB accelerates. Multiple companies have completed construction of EMB production lines, and the planned mass production time of EMB is concentrated from the end of 2025 to the first half of 2026.

In the EMB segment, in addition to established players such as Bosch, Continental, and Bethel, a number of new players have emerged, including Orient-Motion Technology, Jiongyi Electronic Technology, Motion Technology, and Watson Rally.

Orient-Motion Technology

Founded in August 2023, Orient-Motion Technology has closed two funding rounds and raised a total of RMB400 million. Teh company has invested in the construction of an EMB smart factory in Suzhou Industrial Park, with a total investment of about RMB150 million in the first phase, which will introduce a fully automated assembly line for EMB systems.

In March 2025, Orient-Motion Technology held a press conference and announced that its Electronic Mechanical Brake (EMB) technology is about to usher in a new era of mass production. Through platformization and standardization of products, the company has launched a range of EMB products with clamping forces of 25kN, 35kN, 45kN, and 65kN, covering the diverse needs of automakers and avoiding the complexity of using multiple calipers in the traditional hydraulic era. The configuration cost of all models of any vehicle type is only RMB3,488.

Currently, Orient-Motion Technology has established partnerships with Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor and Geely Farizon on EMB products. Orient-Motion Technology and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor will cooperate on EMB based on the Xinghai V9 model.

Jiongyi Electronic Technology

Founded in June 2022, the company has closed four funding rounds, with investors including Xiaomi Industrial Investment and Zhejiang Vie Science & Technology. As of the first quarter of 2025, Jiongyi has completed three rounds of winter and summer road tests for its EMB products, with samples installed in more than 150 vehicles. Over 15 customers have completed installation and verification in vehicles. The EMB products have been designated by a Chinese OEM, and have obtained ISO26262 process certification. The EMB assembly line was put into use in August 2024.

Jiongyi provides fully dry EMB systems with 65KN/50KN/30KN clamping forces, supports domestic chip platform solutions, and its brake-by-wire pedal simulator can support wet pedal feel and dry pedal feel.

Motion Technology

Founded in November 2022, the company has closed three funding rounds and raised a total of nearly RMB100 million. In May 2025, Motion Technology's Nantong production base announced the completion of the third round of batch trial installation verification, and the entire production line process has met the mass production standards. This marks that Motion Technology has the capability of large-scale delivery of EMB systems.

Motion Technology's passenger car EMB products provide three clamping force specifications of 30kN, 45kN, and 65kN for OEMs. The products are composed of a pedal simulation unit, master/slave brake controllers, and a caliper-type brake actuator. With fully dry, fully redundant, fully decoupled, and fully intelligent technical features, they can provide vehicle customers with braking solutions that meet L3-L5 autonomous driving functions.

Watson Rally

Founded in August 2022, the company has closed four funding rounds and raised a total of nearly RMB200 million. Watson Rally’s EMB series products have completed winter calibration tests for two consecutive years and have successfully entered the Production Validation (PV) phase.

The brake response time of Watson Rally’s EMB is only 80ms, and it provides optional clamping force specifications of 25kN, 45kN, and 65kN. The axial length is less than 125mm, which can be matched with large-area friction pads (120 square centimeters). The system eliminates brake fluid and intermediate control units, simplifying the structure and reducing maintenance costs, and supports modular vehicle control design.