The Global Energy Transition Market 2026-2036: Critical Materials, Technologies & Supply Chains

1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
1.2 Market Definition and Taxonomy
1.3 The Energy Transition Imperative
1.4 Critical Materials Classification Framework
1.5 Key Findings and Strategic Insights
1.6 Global Market Size and Growth Projections (2026-2036)
1.7 Investment Landscape Overview
1.8 Technology Roadmap Summary
1.9 Supply Chain Vulnerability Assessment
1.10 Regional Market Dynamics

2.1 The Global Decarbonization Imperative
2.1.1 Climate Science and the Emissions Challenge
2.1.2 The Net-Zero Commitment Landscape
2.1.2.1 Country and Regional Commitments
2.1.2.2 Corporate Net-Zero Commitments
2.1.3 The Technology Pathway to Net-Zero
2.2 Critical Materials: The Enabling Constraint
2.2.1 The Materials Intensity Paradox
2.2.2 Critical Materials Demand Projections
2.2.3 Supply-Demand Imbalances and Bottlenecks
2.2.3.1 Mining Development Timelines
2.2.3.2 Processing Capacity Concentration
2.2.3.3 Capital Requirements
2.3 The Policy Landscape: Diverging Trajectories
2.3.1 United States Policy Framework
2.3.2 European Union Policy Framework
2.3.3 China Policy Framework
2.3.4 Carbon Pricing: The Policy Foundation
2.4 The Geopolitics of Critical Materials
2.4.1 China's Dominant Position
2.4.2 The April 2025 Export Controls
2.4.3 Western Supply Chain Diversification Efforts
2.4.4 The Resource Nationalism Challenge
2.5 Technology Deployment Requirements
2.5.1 Electric Vehicle Deployment
2.5.1.1 Regional EV Market Dynamics
2.5.1.2 Magnet Content per Vehicle
2.5.2 Wind Energy Deployment
2.5.2.1 Wind Energy Capacity Expansion and Magnet Demand
2.5.3 Green Hydrogen and Electrolyzer Deployment
2.5.3.1 Electrolyzer Technology Mix
2.5.3.2 The Iridium Constraint
2.5.4 Battery Energy Storage Deployment
2.6 Critical Materials Market Interconnections
2.6.1 Shared Supply Chain Dependencies
2.6.2 Recycling as Supply Chain Integration

3.1 Introduction to Rare Earth Elements
3.1.1 Classification and Properties
3.1.2 Unique Magnetic Properties
3.1.3 Strategic Importance and Critical Materials Designation
3.2 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Technologies
3.2.1 Permanent Magnet Technology Comparison
3.2.2 Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) Magnets
3.2.2.1 Grade Classification System
3.2.2.2 Dysprosium and Terbium: The Heavy Rare Earth Challenge
3.2.2.3 Praseodymium Substitution
3.2.3 Samarium-Cobalt (SmCo) Magnets
3.3 Sintered Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturing
3.3.1 Manufacturing Process Overview
3.3.2 Material Flow and Efficiency
3.3.3 Coating Systems
3.4 Bonded Rare Earth Magnets
3.5 Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturing Innovation
3.5.1 Grain Boundary Diffusion Technology
3.5.2 Advanced Powder Processing
3.5.3 Rare Earth-Free Magnet Research
3.6 Rare Earth Supply Chain Analysis
3.6.1 Value Chain Overview
3.6.2 Geographic Distribution of Production
3.6.3 Chinese Dominance Analysis
3.7 Global Mining Production
3.7.1 Production by Country
3.7.2 Development Pipeline
3.8 Rare Earth Processing and Separation
3.8.1 Separation Technology and Challenges
3.8.2 Non-Chinese Processing Development
3.9 Metallization and Alloy Production
3.9.1 Metallization Processes
3.9.2 The Metallization Bottleneck
3.10 Magnet Manufacturing Capacity
3.10.1 Current Production Capacity
3.10.2 Capacity Expansion Projections
3.11 Rare Earth Demand Analysis
3.11.1 Demand by Application
3.11.2 Magnet Demand by End-Use Sector
3.12 Rare Earth Magnet Recycling
3.12.1 Recycling Industry Overview
3.12.2 Recycling Technologies
3.12.3 Recycling Market Projections
3.13 Market Size and Forecasts
3.13.1 Global Market Size
3.13.2 Price Dynamics
3.14 Strategic Analysis and Market Outlook
3.14.1 Key Market Drivers
3.14.2 Risk Assessment
3.14.3 Strategic Outlook Summary

4.1 Introduction to Green Hydrogen
4.1.1 Hydrogen Classification and Production Methods
4.1.2 The Economics of Green Hydrogen: Market Reality Check
4.1.3 Current Global Hydrogen Demand
4.2 Electrolyzer Technologies
4.2.1 Technology Overview and Competitive Dynamics
4.2.2 Alkaline Water Electrolyzers (AWE)
4.2.2.1 Technology Evolution and Architecture Advances
4.2.2.2 Chinese Manufacturing Dominance
4.2.2.3 Cost Structure Analysis
4.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMEL)
4.2.3.1 The PEM Paradox: Superior Performance, Limited Adoption
4.2.3.2 The Iridium Constraint: A Fundamental Ceiling
4.2.3.3 PEM Niche Applications
4.2.4 Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (AEMEL)
4.2.5 Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells (SOEC)
4.3 Electrolyzer Cost Evolution and Market Dynamics
4.3.1 Cost Trajectory Analysis
4.3.2 Manufacturing Capacity and Utilization
4.4 Green Hydrogen Applications and Demand Outlook
4.4.1 Application Success and Failure Assessment
4.4.2 Priority Industrial Applications
4.4.2.1 Petroleum Refining: Regulatory-Driven Adoption
4.4.2.2 Ammonia Production: Maritime Fuel as Growth Catalyst
4.4.2.3 Steel Production: H-DRI Technology Advancement
4.5 Market Size and Regional Dynamics
4.5.1 Global Market Projections
4.5.2 Regional Market Analysis
4.5.3 Technology Mix Evolution
4.6 Investment Requirements and Policy Framework
4.6.1 Investment Requirements Analysis
4.6.2 Policy Framework Analysis
4.7 Strategic Outlook and Critical Uncertainties
4.7.1 Scenario Analysis
4.7.2 Critical Success Factors
4.7.3 Market Risk Assessment

5.1 Battery Market Overview
5.1.1 Battery Technology Fundamentals
5.1.2 Li-ion Battery Pack Demand by Application
5.1.3 Electric Vehicle Battery Market
5.1.4 Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
5.1.5 Consumer Electronics
5.1.6 Regional Manufacturing Capacity
5.2 Battery Cathode Materials
5.2.1 Cathode Chemistry Evolution
5.2.2 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
5.2.2.1 NMC 532, 622, 811 Compositions
5.2.2.2 High-Nickel Development
5.2.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
5.2.3.1 Cost Advantages
5.2.3.2 LMFP Development
5.2.4 Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
5.2.5 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)
5.2.6 Cathode Material Supply Chain
5.3 Battery Anode Materials
5.3.1 Graphite Anode Technologies
5.3.2 Natural vs. Synthetic Graphite
5.3.2.1 Supply Chain Concentration
5.3.3 Silicon Anode Integration
5.3.3.1 Silicon Nanowires
5.3.3.2 Silicon-Graphite Composites
5.3.3.3 Silicon Oxide (SiOx)
5.3.4 Lithium Metal Anodes
5.3.5 Advanced Anode Materials
5.4 Battery Electrolytes and Separators
5.4.1 Liquid Electrolytes
5.4.2 Solid Electrolytes
5.4.3 Separator Technologies
5.5 Critical Materials in Batteries
5.5.1 Lithium
5.5.2 Cobalt
5.5.3 Nickel
5.5.4 Manganese
5.5.5 Graphite
5.6 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

6.1 Solid-State Batteries
6.1.1 Technology Overview
6.1.2 Solid Electrolyte Materials
6.1.2.1 Oxide Electrolytes
6.1.2.2 Sulfide Electrolytes
6.1.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes
6.1.3 Performance Advantages
6.1.3.1 Energy Density Improvement
6.1.3.2 Safety Improvement
6.1.3.3 Cycle Life and Calendar Life
6.1.4 Manufacturing Challenges
6.1.4.1 Interfacial Contact and Resistance
6.1.4.2 Electrolyte Manufacturing
6.1.5 Commercialization Timeline
6.2 Semi-Solid-State Batteries
6.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.3.1 Technology Overview
6.3.2 Cathode Materials
6.3.2.1 Layered Oxides
6.3.2.2 Prussian Blue Analogues
6.3.2.3 Polyanionic Compounds
6.3.3 Anode Materials (Hard Carbon)
6.3.4 Cost Advantages
6.3.5 Applications and Market Potential
6.4 Other Emerging Technologies
6.4.1 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
6.4.2 Aluminum-Ion Batteries
6.4.3 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
6.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

7.1 Market Overview and Drivers
7.1.1 Recycling Drivers
7.1.1.1 Resource Security
7.1.1.2 Environmental Benefits
7.1.1.3 Economic Viability
7.1.2 Battery Waste Streams and Volumes
7.1.2.1 End-of-Life Batteries
7.1.2.2 Manufacturing Scrap
7.1.2.3 Consumer Electronics
7.2 Recycling Technologies
7.2.1 Pyrometallurgy
7.2.1.1 Advantages of Pyrometallurgy
7.2.1.2 Limitations of Pyrometallurgy
7.2.2 Hydrometallurgy
7.2.2.1 Advantages of Hydrometallurgy
7.2.2.2 Limitations of Hydrometallurgy
7.2.3 Direct Recycling
7.2.3.1 Advantages of Direct Recycling
7.2.3.2 Limitations of Direct Recycling
7.2.4 Hybrid Approaches
7.2.4.1 Spoke-Hub Model
7.2.4.2 Integrated Production Models
7.2.5 Technology Comparison
7.3 Black Mass Production and Processing
7.3.1 Black Mass Composition
7.3.2 Processing Economics
7.3.3 Trade and Export Considerations
7.3.3.1 Regulatory Considerations
7.4 Material Recovery by Component
7.4.1 Lithium Recovery
7.4.1.1 Hydrometallurgical Lithium Recovery
7.4.2 Cobalt Recovery
7.4.3 Nickel Recovery
7.4.4 Manganese Recovery
7.4.5 Graphite Recovery
7.5 Recycling Different Cathode Chemistries
7.5.1 LCO Recycling
7.5.2 LMO Recycling
7.5.3 NMC Recycling
7.5.4 LFP Recycling
7.5.5 NCA Recycling
7.6 Supply Chain Integration
7.6.1 Collection Networks
7.6.2 Sorting and Pre-treatment
7.6.3 Integration with Battery Manufacturing
7.7 Regulatory Frameworks
7.7.1 EU Battery Regulation
7.7.2 US State-Level Requirements
7.7.3 China Battery Recycling Policies
7.8 Recycling Capacity Development
7.9 Market Forecasts (2024-2034)

8.1 Market Overview and Drivers
8.1.1 TIM Technology Fundamentals
8.1.2 Comparative Properties of TIMs
8.2 TIM Technology Classification
8.2.1 Thermal Greases, Gels & Pastes
8.2.2 Thermal Pads
8.2.3 Gap Fillers
8.2.4 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
8.2.5 Thermal Adhesives
8.2.6 Potting Compounds/Encapsulants
8.2.7 Metal-Based TIMs
8.2.8 Carbon-Based TIMs (Graphene, CNT)
8.2.8.1 Graphite Sheets
8.2.8.2 Graphene TIMs
8.2.8.3 Carbon Nanotube TIMs
8.3 Performance Characteristics
8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity Requirements
8.3.2 System Level Performance Factors
8.3.3 Pricing Analysis
8.4 TIMs for Electric Vehicles
8.4.1 Battery Thermal Management
8.4.1.1 Cell-to-Pack Designs
8.4.1.2 Cell-to-Chassis Configurations
8.4.2 Power Electronics Cooling
8.4.2.1 TIM Selection for Power Electronics
8.4.3 EV Charging Infrastructure
8.4.4 Market Size and Forecasts
8.5 TIMs for Renewable Energy
8.5.1 Solar Inverter Applications
8.5.2 Wind Power Electronics
8.5.3 Energy Storage Systems
8.5.4 Market Forecasts
8.6 TIMs for Data Centers
8.6.1 Server Thermal Management
8.6.2 Power Supply Units
8.6.3 Backup Battery Units
8.6.4 Market Forecasts
8.7 TIMs in ADAS Sensors
8.8 Market Forecasts (2022-2036)

9.1 Data Center Power Density Trends
9.1.1 AI Accelerator Cooling Requirements
9.1.2 Air Cooling Limitations
9.1.2.1 Thermodynamic Limitations
9.1.2.2 Air Cooling Efficiency Degradation
9.1.2.3 The Inflection Point
9.2 Liquid Cooling Technologies
9.2.1 Direct-to-Chip (D2C) Liquid Cooling
9.2.1.1 D2C Market Position
9.2.2 Immersion Cooling
9.2.2.1 Single-Phase Immersion Cooling
9.2.2.2 Two-Phase Immersion Cooling
9.2.3 Rear-Door Heat Exchangers
9.2.4 Cold Plate Hybrid Systems
9.3 Rack-Level Power Limitations
9.4 Cooling Fluids and Dielectric Materials
9.4.1 Mineral Oils
9.4.2 Synthetic Fluids
9.4.3 Fluorocarbon Fluids
9.4.4 Hydrocarbon-Based Fluids
9.5 TIMs for Immersion Cooling
9.5.1 Chemical Compatibility
9.5.2 Thermal Stability
9.5.3 Surface Wettability
9.5.4 Environmental Considerations
9.6 Liquid Cooling Market Forecasts
9.7 Heat Recovery and Reuse Systems
9.8 Energy Efficiency Considerations
9.8.1 Free Cooling Potential

10.1 Advanced Packaging Evolution
10.1.1 2.5D Integration
10.1.1.1 Thermal Characteristics of 2.5D
10.1.1.2 HBM Thermal Constraints
10.1.2 3D Integration
10.1.3 Chiplet Architectures
10.1.3.1 Die Height Variation Challenge
10.2 Thermal Challenges in High-Density Packaging
10.2.1 Primary Thermal Challenges
10.3 Heat Flux Density Trends (>200 W/cm²)
10.4 Package-Level Thermal Solutions
10.4.1 Integrated Heat Spreaders
10.4.1.1 Vapor Chamber IHS
10.4.1.2 Multi-Die IHS Challenges
10.4.2 Thermal Vias
10.4.2.1 Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs)
10.4.3 Embedded Cooling Channels
10.4.3.1 IHS with Embedded Channels
10.5 Advanced TIM Requirements
10.5.1 Multi-Die TIM Strategies
10.5.2 Reliability Requirements
10.6 Chip-Level Cooling Approaches
10.6.1 Microfluidic Cooling
10.6.1.1 Two-Phase Microfluidic Cooling
10.6.2 Thermoelectric Cooling Integration
10.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

11.1 Market Overview
11.2 Established vs. Emerging Technologies
11.3 Value Chain Analysis
11.4 Thermoelectric (Peltier) Cooling Systems
11.4.1 Technology Maturity and Market Penetration
11.4.2 Thermoelectric Materials
11.4.2.1 Bismuth Telluride Materials
11.4.2.2 Non-Toxic and Lower-Cost Alternatives
11.4.3 Performance Characteristics and Limitations
11.4.4 Applications
11.4.5 Market Size
11.5 Magnetocaloric Cooling
11.5.1 Technology Principles and Development Status
11.5.2 Commercial Applications
11.6 Performance Advantages and Challenges
11.7 Electrocaloric Cooling
11.7.1 Technology Fundamentals and Material Systems
11.7.2 Current Development Stage and Commercialization Timeline
11.7.3 Market Potential and Applications
11.8 LED-Based Thermophotonic Cooling
11.8.1 Principles
11.8.2 Technical Specifications and Performance Parameters
11.8.3 Advantages Over Conventional Methods
11.8.4 Technology Readiness Level
11.8.5 Manufacturing Cost Analysis
11.8.6 Temperature Range Capabilities
11.9 Phononic Cooling Systems
11.9.1 Solid-State Phonon Manipulation Principles
11.9.2 Technology Approach and Development Status
11.9.3 Market Positioning and Commercial Potential
11.10 Barocaloric and Elastocaloric Cooling
11.11 Quantum Cryogenic Cooling
11.11.1 Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR)
11.11.2 Continuous ADR (cADR) Systems
11.11.3 Dilution Refrigerators
11.11.4 Quantum Cooling Requirements
11.12 Advanced Thermionic Cooling
11.13 Performance Benchmarking
11.13.1 Cross-Technology Comparison
11.13.2 Technology Roadmap
11.14 Market Forecasts by Technology
11.15 Market Forecasts by End User
11.16 Regional Market Analysis
11.17 Application Segmentation
11.17.1 Cryogenic Applications (sub-100K)
11.17.2 Ultra-Low Temperature Applications (100-150K)
11.17.3 Moderate Cooling Applications (>150K)
11.17.4 Semiconductor Sensor Cooling
11.17.5 Consumer Electronics Thermal Management
11.17.6 Automotive Thermal Systems
11.18 Price Performance Evolution
11.19 Market Drivers and Growth Catalysts
11.20 Customer Needs Assessment

12.1 Lithium
12.1.1 Global Lithium Supply and Demand
12.1.2 Lithium Extraction Technologies
12.1.2.1 Hard Rock Mining (Spodumene)
12.1.2.2 Brine Extraction (Salar)
12.1.2.3 Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE)
12.1.2.4 Geothermal Lithium Extraction
12.1.2.5 Clay-Based Lithium Extraction
12.1.3 Battery-Grade Lithium Production
12.1.3.1 Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3)
12.1.3.2 Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
12.1.3.3 Conversion Technologies
12.1.4 Geographic Supply Concentration
12.1.4.1 Australia (Hard Rock)
12.1.4.2 Chile and Argentina (Brine)
12.1.4.3 China (Processing Dominance)
12.1.4.4 Emerging Sources (US, Europe, Africa)
12.2 Price Trends and Projections
12.2.1 Recycling and Secondary Supply
12.2.2 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.3 Cobalt
12.3.1 Global Cobalt Market Overview
12.3.2 Supply Concentration (DRC)
12.3.2.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Mining
12.3.2.2 Indonesian Supply Growth
12.3.2.3 Australian and Philippine Sources
12.3.3 Cobalt Reduction Strategies
12.3.3.1 High-Nickel Cathode Development
12.3.3.2 LFP Adoption
12.3.3.3 Cobalt-Free Cathodes
12.3.4 Recycling Potential
12.3.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.4 Nickel
12.4.1 Battery-Grade Nickel Demand
12.4.2 Class 1 vs. Class 2 Nickel
12.4.2.1 Class 1 (High Purity) Requirements
12.4.2.2 Class 2 Production Methods
12.4.2.3 High-Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL)
12.4.3 Indonesian Supply Expansion
12.4.3.1 Indonesian Processing Capacity
12.4.3.2 Chinese Investment in Indonesia
12.4.3.3 Environmental Concerns
12.4.4 Environmental Considerations
12.4.4.1 Carbon Intensity of Production
12.4.4.2 Tailings Management
12.4.4.3 Deep-Sea Mining Proposals
12.4.5 Nickel Sulfate Production
12.4.6 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.5 Graphite
12.5.1 Natural vs. Synthetic Graphite
12.5.2 Natural Graphite Sources
12.5.3 Synthetic Graphite Production
12.5.4 Performance Comparison
12.5.5 Supply Chain Concentration (China)
12.5.5.1 Chinese Mining Dominance
12.5.5.2 Chinese Processing Capacity
12.5.5.3 Export Restrictions Impact
12.5.6 Spherical Graphite Processing
12.5.6.1 Purification Requirements
12.5.6.2 Spheroidization Process
12.5.6.3 Coating Technologies
12.5.7 Anode Material Applications
12.5.8 Alternative Supply Development
12.5.8.1 North American Projects
12.5.8.2 European Supply Chain
12.5.8.3 African Resources
12.5.9 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.6 Copper
12.6.1 Copper in Energy Transition Applications
12.6.2 EV Copper Content
12.6.2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (60-80 kg)
12.6.2.2 Charging Infrastructure
12.6.2.3 Electric Motors and Wiring
12.6.3 Renewable Energy Infrastructure
12.6.3.1 Solar PV Systems
12.6.3.2 Wind Turbines
12.6.3.3 Inverters and Balance of System
12.6.4 Grid Infrastructure Requirements
12.6.4.1 Transmission Lines
12.6.4.2 Distribution Networks
12.6.4.3 Transformers and Substations
12.6.5 Supply Constraints and Development
12.6.5.1 Chilean Production
12.6.5.2 Peruvian Expansion
12.6.5.3 Declining Ore Grades
12.6.5.4 New Project Pipeline
12.6.6 Copper Recycling
12.6.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.7 Silicon
12.7.1 Solar-Grade Silicon (Polysilicon)
12.7.1.1 Siemens Process
12.7.1.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor Process
12.7.1.3 Chinese Production Dominance
12.7.2 Battery Anode Silicon
12.7.2.1 Silicon Nanopowders
12.7.2.2 Silicon-Carbon Composites
12.7.2.3 Pre-lithiation Technologies
12.7.3 Semiconductor-Grade Silicon
12.7.3.1 Electronic-Grade Purity
12.7.3.2 Wafer Manufacturing
12.7.4 Supply Chain Analysis
12.7.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.8 Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
12.8.1 Platinum Applications
12.8.1.1 Fuel Cells
12.8.1.2 Automotive Catalysts
12.8.1.3 Industrial Applications
12.8.2 Palladium Markets
12.8.3 Iridium for Electrolyzers
12.8.3.1 PEM Electrolyzer Requirements
12.8.3.2 Supply Constraints
12.8.3.3 Iridium Loading Reduction
12.8.4 Ruthenium and Rhodium
12.8.5 Recycling and Secondary Supply
12.8.5.1 Automotive Catalyst Recycling
12.8.5.2 Electronics Recycling
12.8.5.3 Industrial Catalyst Recovery
12.8.6 South African Supply Concentration
12.8.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.9 Manganese
12.9.1 Battery Applications
12.9.1.1 NMC Cathode Materials
12.9.1.2 LMO Batteries
12.9.1.3 LMFP Development
12.9.2 High-Purity Manganese Sulfate
12.9.3 Global Supply Analysis
12.9.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.10 Vanadium
12.10.1 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs)
12.10.1.1 Technology Overview
12.10.1.2 Grid-Scale Storage Applications
12.10.1.3 Long-Duration Storage Benefits
12.10.2 Vanadium Electrolyte Production
12.10.3 Supply Sources
12.10.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.11 Gallium and Germanium
12.11.1 Semiconductor Applications
12.11.1.1 GaN Power Electronics
12.11.1.2 GaAs Photovoltaics
12.11.1.3 Infrared Optics
12.11.2 Chinese Export Restrictions
12.11.3 Alternative Supply Development
12.11.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.12 Boron
12.12.1 NdFeB Magnet Applications
12.12.2 Specialty Glass and Ceramics
12.12.3 Supply Sources
12.12.4 Market Forecasts
12.13 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals
12.13.1 Battery Electrolyte Applications
12.13.1.1 LiPF6 Production
12.13.1.2 Fluorinated Solvents
12.13.1.3 PVDF Binders
12.13.2 Fluoropolymer Membranes
12.13.2.1 Nafion and PEM Membranes
12.13.2.2 Fuel Cell Applications
12.13.2.3 Refrigerant Transitions (HFCs to HFOs)
12.13.2.4 Supply Chain Analysis
12.13.2.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.14 Phosphorus
12.14.1 LFP Battery Applications
12.14.2 Fertilizer Competition
12.14.3 Supply Sources
12.14.4 Market Forecasts
12.15 Bismuth Telluride
12.15.1 Thermoelectric Applications
12.15.2 Supply Sources
12.15.3 Alternative Materials Development
12.15.4 Market Forecasts
12.16 Titanium
12.16.1 Electrolyzer Applications
12.16.1.1 PEM Bipolar Plates
12.16.1.2 Coatings and Components
12.16.2 Aerospace Applications
12.16.3 Supply Chain Analysis
12.16.3.1 Market Forecasts
12.17 Indium
12.17.1 Transparent Conductive Oxides (ITO)
12.17.2 Solar Cell Applications
12.17.3 Thermal Interface Materials
12.17.4 Supply Sources
12.17.5 Market Forecasts

13.1 China
13.1.1 Market Position and Scale
13.1.2 Policy Framework
13.1.3 Competitive Dynamics
13.1.4 Challenges and Risks
13.2 Europe
13.2.1 Market Position and Capabilities
13.2.2 Policy Framework
13.2.3 Competitive Position
13.3 North America
13.3.1 Market Position and Capabilities
13.3.2 Policy Framework
13.3.3 Competitive Position
13.4 Asia-Pacific (ex-China)
13.4.1 Japan
13.4.2 South Korea
13.4.3 Australia
13.4.4 Southeast Asia
13.4.5 India
13.5 Rest of World
13.5.1 South America
13.5.2 Middle East and North Africa
13.5.3 Sub-Saharan Africa

14.1 Rare Earth Magnets Technology Roadmap
14.1.1 Current Technology Baseline (2024-2025)
14.1.2 Near-Term Technology Evolution (2025-2028)
14.1.3 Medium-Term Technology Evolution (2028-2032)
14.1.4 Long-Term Technology Trajectory (2032-2040)
14.1.5 Application-Specific Considerations
14.1.6 Investment Requirements and Risk Factors
14.2 Green Hydrogen Technology Roadmap
14.2.1 Current Technology Baseline (2024-2025)
14.2.2 Near-Term Technology Evolution (2025-2028)
14.2.3 Medium-Term Technology Evolution (2028-2032)
14.2.4 Long-Term Technology Trajectory (2032-2040)
14.2.5 Critical Material Considerations
14.2.6 Application Development and Demand Growth
14.2.7 Investment Requirements and Regional Strategies
14.3 Battery Technologies Roadmap
14.3.1 Current Technology Baseline (2024-2025)
14.3.2 Near-Term Technology Evolution (2025-2028)
14.3.3 Medium-Term Technology Evolution (2028-2032)
14.3.4 Long-Term Technology Trajectory (2032-2040)
14.3.5 Manufacturing Scale and Investment
14.4 Thermal Management Roadmap
14.4.1 Current Technology Baseline (2024-2025)
14.4.2 Near-Term Technology Evolution (2025-2028)
14.4.3 Medium-Term Technology Evolution (2028-2032)
14.4.4 Long-Term Technology Trajectory (2032-2040 )
14.5 Recycling Technologies Roadmap
14.5.1 Current Technology Baseline (2024-2025)
14.5.2 Near-Term Technology Evolution (2025-2028)
14.5.3 Medium-Term Technology Evolution (2028-2032)
14.5.4 Long-Term Technology Trajectory (2032-2040)
14.5.5 Regional Regulatory Frameworks
14.5.6 Investment and Infrastructure Requirements

15.1 Rare Earth Mining and Processing Companies (14 Company Profiles)
15.2 Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturers (12 Company Profiles)
15.3 Rare Earth Recycling Companies (12 Company Profiles)
15.4 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - Alkaline (25 Company Profiles)
15.5 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - PEM (25 Company Profiles)
15.6 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - AEM (14 Company Profiles)
15.7 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - SOEC (7 Company Profiles)
15.8 Other Electrolyzer and Hydrogen Companies (12 Company Profiles)
15.9 Battery Recycling Companies (109 Company Profiles)
15.10 Battery Materials and Cell Manufacturers (410 Company Profiles)
15.11 Solid-State Cooling Companies (25 Company Profiles)
15.12 Thermal Interface Materials Companies (116 Company Profiles)

16.1 Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
16.2 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations
16.3 Appendix C: Methodology
16.4 Appendix D: Regulatory Framework Summary

Table 1. Critical Materials Classification by Supply Risk and Economic Importance
Table 2. Global Energy Transition & Critical Materials Market Size Summary (2026-2036)
Table 3. Investment Requirements by Sector (US$ Billions)
Table 4. Technology Readiness Levels for Key Energy Transition Technologies
Table 5. Supply Chain Vulnerability Assessment by Material
Table 6. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2024)
Table 7. Major Economy Net-Zero Commitments and Implementation Status
Table 8. Materials Intensity Comparison: Clean Energy vs. Fossil Fuel Technologies
Table 9. Critical Materials Demand Growth Projections (2020-2040, Net-Zero Scenario)
Table 10. US Policy Framework for Critical Materials
Table 11. EU Policy Framework for Energy Transition and Critical Materials
Table 12. China Policy Framework Comparison
Table 13. Global Carbon Pricing Mechanisms and Green Hydrogen Implications (2025)
Table 14. Chinese Control of Critical Materials Supply Chains (2025)
Table 15. Government Supply Chain Diversification Investments (2023-2030)
Table 16. Global Electric Vehicle Market Projections (2024-2036)
Table 17. Regional Vehicle Electrification Penetration and Growth Projections
Table 18. Electric Vehicle Rare Earth Magnet Content by Vehicle Type
Table 19. Wind Turbine Technology and Rare Earth Magnet Requirements
Table 20. Global Green Hydrogen Market Projections
Table 21. Electrolyzer Technology Comparison and Market Share
Table 22. Global Battery Energy Storage Deployment Projections
Table 23. Critical Materials Application Matrix
Table 24. Battery Recycling Impact on Primary Material Demand
Table 25. Rare Earth Element Classification and Critical Applications
Table 26. Critical Rare Earth Elements for Magnet Applications
Table 27. Permanent Magnet Technology Performance Comparison
Table 28. NdFeB Magnet Alloy Composition and Function
Table 29. NdFeB Magnet Grade Performance and Applications
Table 30. Detailed NdFeB Grade Specifications
Table 31. Dysprosium Addition Effects on NdFeB Magnet Properties
Table 32. SmCo Magnet Properties and Applications
Table 33. NdFeB versus SmCo Comparative Analysis
Table 34. Sintered NdFeB Magnet Manufacturing Process Stages
Table 35. Rare Earth Value Chain Material Recovery Rates
Table 36. NdFeB Magnet Coating Systems Comparison
Table 37. Bonded versus Sintered NdFeB Magnet Comparison
Table 38. Bonded Magnet Manufacturing Process Comparison
Table 39. Grain Boundary Diffusion Technology Impact
Table 40. Alternative Magnet Technologies Under Development
Table 41. Rare Earth Magnet Value Chain Stages
Table 42. Geographic Distribution of Rare Earth Supply Chain (2025)
Table 43. Key Global Rare Earth Separation Companies and Market Positioning
Table 44. Global Rare Earth Mining Production by Country (2024-2025)
Table 45. Major Rare Earth Mining Projects Under Development
Table 46. Global Rare Earth Separation Capacity by Company
Table 47. Non-Chinese Processing Capacity Projections
Table 48. Metallization Process Comparison
Table 49. Global Rare Earth Magnet Production Capacity (2025)
Table 50. Projected Regional Capacity Development 2025-2036
Table 51. Rare Earth Demand by Application (2025)
Table 52. Rare Earth Magnet Demand by Application (2026-2036)
Table 53. Recycling Technology Comparison Matrix
Table 54. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Market Projections
Table 55. Global Rare Earth Magnet Market Size Projections
Table 56. Rare Earth Oxide Price Volatility (2020-2025)
Table 57. Rare Earth Magnet Market Drivers Assessment
Table 58. Rare Earth Magnet Market Risk Matrix
Table 59. Hydrogen Classification by Color Code and Production Method
Table 60. Green Hydrogen Cost Evolution: Projections Versus Reality
Table 61. Global Hydrogen Demand by Application (2024)
Table 62. Electrolyzer Technology Comparison: Technical and Commercial Status (2024)
Table 63. Alkaline Electrolyzer Architecture Evolution
Table 64. Major Alkaline Electrolyzer Manufacturers: Global Comparison
Table 65. Alkaline Electrolyzer Cost Breakdown: Chinese versus Western Manufacturers (2024)
Table 66. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen: Alkaline versus PEM Comparison
Table 67. Iridium Supply Constraint versus PEM Scaling Requirements
Table 68. Electrolyzer Technology Selection by Application Type
Table 69. AEM Competitive Positioning versus Established Technologies
Table 70. SOEC Commercial Viability Assessment
Table 71. Electrolyzer Technology Cost Projections: 2024 to
Table 72. Global Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity and Utilization
Table 73. Green Hydrogen Application Viability Assessment
Table 74. Refinery Green Hydrogen Project Development
Table 75. Green Ammonia Market Development: Fertilizer versus Maritime Applications
Table 76. Green Steel Project Development Status
Table 77. Global Green Hydrogen Market Projections: 2024-2036
Table 78. Green Hydrogen Regional Market Dynamics (2024-2036)
Table 79. Electrolyzer Technology Market Share Evolution
Table 80. Cumulative Green Hydrogen Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
Table 81. Major Green Hydrogen Policy Mechanisms by Region
Table 82. Green Hydrogen Market Scenario Analysis
Table 83. Critical Success Factors for Green Hydrogen Development
Table 84. Green Hydrogen Market Risk Assessment
Table 85. Li-ion Battery Pack Demand by Application (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 86. Li-ion Battery Pack Demand for xEV (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 87. Li-ion Battery Market Value for xEV (US$B), 2019-2036
Table 88. ESS Market Segmentation
Table 89. Regional Battery Manufacturing Capacity (GWh)
Table 90. Cathode Material Comparison (NMC, LFP, NCA, LCO)
Table 91. NMC Composition Comparison
Table 92. High-Nickel Cathode Stabilization Technologies
Table 93. LFP vs NMC Cost Comparison
Table 94. LMFP Characteristics
Table 95. LCO Specifications
Table 96. NCA Specifications
Table 97. Cathode Material Supply Chain Concentration
Table 98. BEV Car Cathode Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 99. Anode Material Comparison (Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal)
Table 100. Graphite Supply Chain Concentration
Table 101. Silicon-Graphite Composite Evolution
Table 102. BEV Anode Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 103. Advanced Anode Materials Market Forecasts
Table 104. Lithium Supply and Demand
Table 105. Nickel Supply by Source
Table 106. Demand for Manganese for Batteries
Table 107. Graphite Supply and Demand
Table 108. Battery Materials Cost Evolution and Competitiveness
Table 109. Battery Materials Market Summary (2026-2036)
Table 110. Solid-State vs. Conventional Li-ion Architecture:
Table 111. Solid-State Battery Electrolyte Comparison (Oxide, Sulfide, Polymer)
Table 112. Oxide Electrolyte Characteristics
Table 113. Sulfide Electrolyte Characteristics
Table 114. Polymer Electrolyte Characteristics
Table 115. Solid-State Energy Density Potential
Table 116. Performance Comparison Summary
Table 117. Manufacturing Process Development
Table 118. Cost Reduction Pathway
Table 119. Solid-State Battery Market Forecasts (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 120. Commercialization Milestones by Developer
Table 121. Market Penetration Projections
Table 122. Semi-Solid Battery Characteristics
Table 123. Semi-Solid Battery Market Forecast
Table 124. Sodium-Ion vs. Lithium-Ion Comparison
Table 125. Layered Oxide Cathode Characteristics
Table 126. Prussian Blue Analog Characteristics
Table 127. Polyanionic Cathode Comparison
Table 128. Hard Carbon Characteristics
Table 129. Hard Carbon Production Routes
Table 130. Cost Comparison: Sodium-Ion vs Lithium-Ion
Table 131. Sodium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts (GWh and US$ Billions)
Table 132. Application Suitability Assessment
Table 133. Key Market Participants
Table 134. Lithium-Sulfur Characteristics
Table 135. Aluminum-Ion Characteristics
Table 136. High-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Characteristics
Table 137. Next-Generation Battery Market Summary (2026-2036)
Table 138. Market Share of Total Battery Demand
Table 139. Technology Positioning by Application (2036)
Table 140. Resource Security Value of Recycling
Table 141. Environmental Comparison: Recycled vs. Primary Materials
Table 142. Recycling Economics by Cathode Chemistry
Table 143. Battery Feedstock Projections by Source (kt)
Table 144. Pyrometallurgy Characteristics
Table 145. Key Pyrometallurgical Recyclers
Table 146. Hydrometallurgy Characteristics
Table 147. Key Hydrometallurgical Recyclers
Table 148. Direct Recycling Process Schematic
Table 149. Direct Recycling Characteristics
Table 150. Direct Recycling Developers
Table 151. Common Hybrid Configurations
Table 152. Recycling Methods Comparison (Pyro vs Hydro vs Direct)
Table 153. Typical Li-ion Battery Recycling Process Flow
Table 154. Black Mass Composition by Battery Chemistry
Table 155. Black Mass Processing Economics
Table 156. Black Mass Trade Flows
Table 157. Lithium Recovery Processes
Table 158. Cobalt Recovery Processes
Table 159. Material Recovery Rates by Recycling Method
Table 160. Graphite Recovery Approaches
Table 161. LCO Recycling Characteristics
Table 162. LMO Recycling Characteristics
Table 163. NMC Recycling Characteristics by Composition
Table 164. LFP Recycling Characteristics
Table 165. LFP Recycling Approaches
Table 166. NCA Recycling Characteristics
Table 167. Collection Channel Comparison
Table 168. Pre-treatment Process Steps
Table 169. Battery Recycling Supply Chain Participants
Table 170. EU Battery Regulation Requirements
Table 171. US State Recycling Requirements
Table 172. China Battery Recycling Regulations and Policies
Table 173. Li-ion Battery Recycling Capacity by Region
Table 174. Investment Trends
Table 175. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2024-2034)
Table 176. Market Value Components
Table 177. Thermal Interface Function
Table 178. Thermal conductivities (?) of common metallic, carbon, and ceramic fillers employed in TIMs
Table 179. Commercial TIMs and their properties
Table 180. Thermal Grease Characteristics
Table 181. Thermal Pad Characteristics
Table 182. Gap Filler Characteristics
Table 183. Phase Change Material Characteristics
Table 184. Thermal Adhesive Characteristics
Table 185. Potting Compound Characteristics
Table 186. Metal TIM Characteristics
Table 187. Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type
Table 188. Carbon-Based TIM Comparison
Table 189. Materials by Thermal, Mechanical, and Application Properties
Table 190. Key Factors in System Level Performance for TIMs
Table 191. Thermal interface materials prices
Table 192. Battery TIM Functions
Table 193. CTP TIM Requirements
Table 194. TIM Application in EV Battery Packs
Table 195. CTC TIM Requirements
Table 196. Power Electronics TIM Applications
Table 197. Charging Station TIM Requirements
Table 198. Global TIM Market in Electric Vehicles (2022-2036) by Type
Table 199. TIM Content per Vehicle
Table 200. Solar Inverter TIM Applications
Table 201. TIMs in Wind Power Electronics
Table 202. Wind TIM Requirements
Table 203. TIMs in Energy Storage Systems
Table 204. ESS TIM Content
Table 205. Global TIM Market in Renewable Energy (2022-2036)
Table 206. PSU TIM Applications
Table 207. TIMs in BBU
Table 208. Global TIM Market in Data Centers (2022-2036)
Table 209. ADAS Sensor TIM Applications and Requirements
Table 210. TIM Company Competitive Analysis for ADAS Applications
Table 211. ADAS TIM Market
Table 212. Global TIM Market Summary by End Market
Table 213. Global TIM Market by Product Type
Table 214. Regional Market Distribution (2024 vs. 2036)
Table 215. Competitive Landscape
Table 216. Power Density Evolution
Table 217. AI Accelerator Power Consumption
Table 218. System-Level Power
Table 219. D2C System Characteristics:
Table 220. Single-Phase Immersion Characteristics
Table 221. Liquid Cooling Technology Comparison
Table 222. Two-Phase Characteristics:
Table 223. RDHx Characteristics
Table 224. Hybrid Cooling System Performance Comparison
Table 225. Rack-Level Power Limitations by Cooling Technology
Table 226. Mineral Oil Characteristics
Table 227. Synthetic Fluid Characteristics
Table 228. Immersion Cooling Fluid Comparison
Table 229. Engineered Hydrocarbon Characteristics
Table 230. Compatibility Considerations
Table 231. Thermal Stability Requirements
Table 232. Wettability Considerations
Table 233. Environmental Considerations
Table 234. Data Center Liquid Cooling Market Forecasts (2025-2036)
Table 235. D2C and Immersion Cooling Unit Forecasts
Table 236. Market Segmentation by End User
Table 237. Heat Recovery Potential by Cooling Type
Table 238. Economic Considerations for Heat Recovery Systems
Table 239. Data Center Cooling Cost Analysis
Table 240. Total Cost of Ownership Comparison
Table 241. Semiconductor Packaging Technology Evolution
Table 242. 2.5D Integration Characteristics:
Table 243. 2.5D and 3D Packaging Thermal Challenges
Table 244. 3D Stack Thermal Resistance Budget
Table 245. Chiplet Architecture Examples
Table 246. GPU Package Thermal Requirements (RTX 4090 to Future 3D)
Table 247. Heat Flux Density Evolution
Table 248. Implications of Increasing Heat Flux
Table 249. Hotspot Characteristics by Workload
Table 250. IHS Functions
Table 251. IHS Material Evolution
Table 252. Vapor Chamber IHS Characteristics
Table 253. Thermal Via Configurations
Table 254. TSV Thermal Performance
Table 255. Embedded Cooling Approaches
Table 256. IHS Channel Characteristics
Table 257. Global TIM Market in Advanced Semiconductor Packaging (2022-2036)
Table 258. Advanced TIM Requirements
Table 259. Advanced TIM Technologies for Next-Gen Packaging
Table 260. Microfluidic Cooling Performance Specifications
Table 261. Microfluidic Cooling Developers
Table 262. Thermoelectric Cooling Integration Specifications
Table 263. Thermoelectric Applications in Advanced Packaging
Table 264. Advanced Semiconductor Packaging Thermal Management Market:
Table 265. Global Solid-State Cooling Market Size (2025-2036)
Table 266. Established vs. Emerging Solid-State Cooling Technologies
Table 267. Commercial Deployment Scale
Table 268. Market Penetration by Application
Table 269. Bismuth Telluride Material Properties
Table 270. Manufacturing Methods
Table 271. Supply Chain
Table 272. Alternative Thermoelectric Materials
Table 273. Nanostructuring Approaches
Table 274. Thermoelectric (Peltier) Cooling Systems Performance Characteristics
Table 275. COP vs. Temperature Difference
Table 276. Comparison with Vapor Compression
Table 277. Application Categories
Table 278. Thermoelectric Market by Application (2024-2036)
Table 279. Magnetocaloric Material Categories
Table 280. Magnetocaloric Cooling Performance vs Conventional Systems
Table 281. Magnetocaloric Cooling Commercial Applications
Table 282. Magnetocaloric Cooling Performance Advantages and Challenges
Table 283. Efficiency Comparison in Practical Systems
Table 284. Electrocaloric Materials and Performance Characteristics
Table 285. Electrocaloric Effect Temperature Changes by Material Type
Table 286. Advantages of Electrocaloric vs. Magnetocaloric
Table 287. LED Cooling Performance Parameters and Specifications
Table 288. GaAs LED Performance Characteristics for Cooling Applications
Table 289. LED Cooling vs Thermoelectric Cooling Performance Comparison
Table 290. LED Cooling Technology Readiness Level and Development Status
Table 291. LED Cooling Manufacturing Cost Analysis ($/W basis)
Table 292. Cooling Temperature Range Capabilities (sub-100K to 150K)
Table 293. Phononic Manipulation Approaches
Table 294. Caloric Effect Comparison
Table 295. ADR Characteristics
Table 296. cADR Performance
Table 297. Dilution Refrigerator Characteristics
Table 298. Dilution Refrigerator Suppliers
Table 299. Quantum Cooling Requirements by Application
Table 300. Quantum Device Operating Temperature Requirements
Table 301. Advanced Thermionic Approaches
Table 302. Performance Benchmarking Matrix Across All Technologies
Table 303. Application Suitability Mapping and Temperature Ranges
Table 304. Global Solid State Cooling Market Size by Technology (2020-2036), Millions USD
Table 305. Global Solid State Cooling Market Size by End User Market (2020-2036)
Table 306. Regional Market Analysis - Revenue by Geography 2022-2036
Table 307. Cryogenic Applications (sub-100K)
Table 308. Ultra-Low Temperature Applications (100-150K)
Table 309. Moderate Cooling Applications (>150K)
Table 310. Semiconductor Sensor Solid-State Cooling
Table 311. Solid-State Cooling in Consumer Electronics
Table 312. Solid-State Cooling in Automotive Thermal Systems
Table 313. Price Performance Evolution by Technology Type
Table 314. Customer Requirements by Segment
Table 315. Global Lithium Supply and Demand Balance
Table 316. Lithium Extraction Technology Comparison
Table 317. Global Lithium Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
Table 318. Global Cobalt Supply and Demand
Table 319. Global Cobalt Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
Table 320. Global Nickel Supply by Source and Application
Table 321. Natural vs Synthetic Graphite Comparison
Table 322. Global Natural Graphite Mining Production by Country
Table 323. Graphite Supply Chain Concentration by Value Chain Stage
Table 324. Global Graphite Market Forecasts
Table 325. Copper Demand in Energy Transition Applications
Table 326. Global Copper Market Forecasts
Table 327. Global Silicon Supply Chain Analysis
Table 328. PGM Supply and Demand by Metal
Table 329. Global PGM Market Forecasts
Table 330. Global Manganese Market Forecasts
Table 331. Global Vanadium Market Forecasts
Table 332. Global Gallium and Germanium Market Forecasts
Table 333. Global Fluorochemicals Market Forecasts
Table 334. Phosphorus market forecasts for battery applications
Table 335. Bismuth telluride thermoelectric market forecasts
Table 336. Titanium market forecasts for energy transition applications
Table 337. Global indium market forecasts
Table 338. China Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 339. Europe Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 340. North America Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 341. Asia-Pacific (ex-China) Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 342. Rest of World Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 343. Market Forecasts (2026-2036)-China
Table 344. Market Forecasts (2026-2036)-Europe
Table 345. Market Forecasts (2026-2036)-North America
Table 346. Regional Market Forecasts (2026-2036)-Asia-Pacific (ex-China)
Table 347. Rest of World Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
Table 348. Current Commercial NdFeB Magnet Performance Parameters
Table 349. Global Rare Earth Magnet Supply Chain Concentration (2024)
Table 350. Grain Boundary Diffusion Technology Evolution
Table 351. Timeline for Dysprosium-Free High-Temperature Magnets
Table 352. Non-Chinese Magnet Production Capacity Development
Table 353. Comparison of Magnet Technologies (Projected 2030 Status)
Table 354. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Capacity Expansion
Table 355. Iron Nitride (Fe16N2) Development Milestones
Table 356. Rare Earth Magnet Industry Evolution (2024-2036)
Table 357. EV Traction Motor Magnet Requirements Evolution
Table 358. R&D Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
Table 359. Electrolyzer Technology Performance Comparison (2024)
Table 360. Alkaline Electrolyzer Technology Evolution
Table 361. PEM Electrolyzer Cost Reduction Pathway
Table 362. SOEC Development Milestones
Table 363. Global Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity
Table 364. Projected Electrolyzer Performance and Cost (2032)
Table 365. Long-Term Electrolyzer Cost Projections
Table 366. Long-Term Green Hydrogen Cost Projections (LCOH)
Table 367. Iridium Constraint Analysis for PEM Electrolyzer Scaling
Table 368. Green Hydrogen Application Timeline
Table 369. Global Hydrogen Demand by Application (Projected)
Table 370. Green Hydrogen Investment Requirements
Table 371. Current Battery Chemistry Comparison (2024)
Table 372. High-Nickel Cathode Development Trajectory
Table 373. Silicon Anode Integration Trajectory
Table 374. Near-Term Battery Technology Evolution Summary
Table 375. Solid-State Battery Technology Comparison
Table 376. Solid-State Battery Commercialization Timeline
Table 377. Solid-State Battery Performance Targets (2030-2032)
Table 378. Long-Term Battery Technology Trajectories
Table 379. Long-Term Battery Performance Projections
Table 380. Global Battery Manufacturing Capacity by Region
Table 381. Battery Industry Investment Requirements
Table 382. Current TIM Technology Landscape
Table 383. TIM Performance Evolution
Table 384. Data Center Cooling Evolution
Table 385. EV Battery Thermal Management Requirements
Table 386. Medium-Term TIM Performance Targets
Table 387. Magnetocaloric Cooling Development
Table 388. Solid-State Cooling Technology Comparison (2032 Projections)
Table 389. Data Center Cooling Technology Evolution
Table 390. Long-Term TIM Performance Potential
Table 391. Cooling Market Share Evolution
Table 392. Current Recycling Technology Comparison
Table 393. Current Material Recovery Rates by Technology
Table 394. Hydrometallurgical Process Evolution
Table 395. Direct Recycling Development Timeline
Table 396. Recycling Process Economics Comparison (Projected 2028)
Table 397. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Capacity Expansion
Table 398. Closed-Loop Cathode Recycling Projections
Table 399. Black Mass Market Development
Table 400. Material Recovery Rate Evolution
Table 401. Recycled Content Projections
Table 402. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Evolution
Table 403. Long-Term Material Recovery Trajectories
Table 404. Recycled Content Long-Term Projections
Table 405. Circular Economy Evolution
Table 406. Recycling Investment Requirements
Table 407. Battery Recycling Capacity Projections by Region
Table 408. 3DOM separator
Table 409. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 410. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 411. Chasm SWCNT products
Table 412. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 413. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 414. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries
Table 415. LiNa Energy battery characteristics
Table 416. Natrium Energy battery characteristics
Table 417. Glossary of Terms
Table 418. Acronyms and Abbreviations
Table 419. Regulatory Framework Summary

Figure 1. Silicon Anode Integration Roadmap
Figure 2. All-Solid-State Lithium Battery Schematic
Figure 3. Schematic of Na-ion Battery
Figure 4. Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process
Figure 5. Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process
Figure 6. Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Process Flow
Figure 7. Cell-to-Pack Design with TIMs
Figure 8. Cell-to-Chassis Battery Pack Configuration
Figure 9. TIMs in EV batteries
Figure 10. Direct-to-Chip Liquid Cooling Implementation
Figure 11. Microfluidic Cooling Channel Design
Figure 12. Technology Adoption Timeline
Figure 13. Thermoelectric Cooling Operation
Figure 14. Magnetocaloric Effect
Figure 15. Electrocaloric Cooling
Figure 16. Electrocaloric Cooling Commercialization Timeline
Figure 17. Simple Sketch of Electroluminescent Cooling
Figure 18. Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR) Process
Figure 19. Advanced Thermionic Cooling Commercialization Timeline
Figure 20. Solid-State Cooling Technology Roadmap
Figure 21. Rare Earth Magnets Technology Roadmap
Figure 22. Green Hydrogen Technology Roadmap
Figure 23. Battery Technologies Roadmap
Figure 24. Thermal Management Roadmap
Figure 25. Recycling Technologies Roadmap
Figure 26. Symbiotic™ technology process
Figure 27. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 28. Hystar PEM electrolyser
Figure 29. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
Figure 30. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
Figure 31. (AEM Nexus containerized system)
Figure 32. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
Figure 33. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 34. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 35. 24M battery
Figure 36. 3DOM battery
Figure 37. AC biode prototype
Figure 38. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation
Figure 39. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm)
Figure 40. Amprius battery products
Figure 41. All-polymer battery schematic
Figure 42. All Polymer Battery Module
Figure 43. Resin current collector
Figure 44. Ateios thin-film, printed battery
Figure 45. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery
Figure 46. Containerized NAS® batteries
Figure 47. 3D printed lithium-ion battery
Figure 48. Blue Solution module
Figure 49. TempTraq wearable patch
Figure 50. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process
Figure 51. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest
Figure 52. Cymbet EnerChip™
Figure 53. E-magy nano sponge structure
Figure 54. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery
Figure 55. SoftBattery®
Figure 56. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg
Figure 57. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate
Figure 58. 40 Ah battery cell
Figure 59. FDK Corp battery
Figure 60. 2D paper batteries
Figure 61. 3D Custom Format paper batteries
Figure 62. Fuji carbon nanotube products
Figure 63. Gelion Endure battery
Figure 64. Gelion GEN3 lithium sulfur batteries
Figure 65. Grepow flexible battery
Figure 66. HPB solid-state battery
Figure 67. HiNa Battery pack for EV
Figure 68. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery
Figure 69. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose
Figure 70. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery
Figure 71. Ilika solid-state batteries
Figure 72. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials
Figure 73. Ionic Materials battery cell
Figure 74. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure
Figure 75. ITEN micro batteries
Figure 76. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module
Figure 77. LiBEST flexible battery
Figure 78. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells
Figure 79. LiNa Energy battery
Figure 80. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology
Figure 81. Lyten batteries
Figure 82. Cellulomix production process
Figure 83. Nanobase versus conventional products
Figure 84. Nanotech Energy battery
Figure 85. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept
Figure 86. NBD battery
Figure 87. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production
Figure 88. TEM images of carbon nanobrush
Figure 89. EnerCerachip
Figure 90. Cambrian battery
Figure 91. Printed battery
Figure 92. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery
Figure 93. Printed Energy flexible battery
Figure 94. ProLogium solid-state battery
Figure 95. QingTao solid-state batteries
Figure 96. Schematic of the quinone flow battery
Figure 97. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery
Figure 98. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery
Figure 99. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries
Figure 100. SES Apollo batteries
Figure 101. Sionic Energy battery cell
Figure 102. Solid Power battery pouch cell
Figure 103. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 104.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery
Figure 105. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell
Figure 106. Zoolnasm batteries
Figure 107. Boron Nitride Nanotubes products
Figure 108. Transtherm® PCMs
Figure 109. Carbice carbon nanotubes
Figure 110. Internal structure of carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 111. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 112. HI-FLOW Phase Change Materials
Figure 113. Thermoelectric foil, consists of a sequence of semiconductor elements connected with conductive metal. At the top (in red) is the thermal interface
Figure 114. Parker Chomerics THERM-A-GAP GEL
Figure 115. Metamaterial structure used to control thermal emission
Figure 116. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product
Figure 117. The Sixth Element graphene products
Figure 118. Thermal conductive graphene film
Figure 119. VB Series of TIMS from Zeon