The Global Energy Transition Market 2026-2036: Critical Materials, Technologies & Supply Chains

1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
1.2 Market Definition and Taxonomy
1.3 The Energy Transition Imperative
1.4 Critical Materials Classification Framework
1.5 Global Market Size and Growth Projections (2026-2036)
1.6 Investment Landscape Overview
1.7 Technology Roadmap Summary
1.8 Supply Chain Vulnerability Assessment
1.9 Regional Market Dynamics

2.1 Global Decarbonization Drivers
2.2 Policy Frameworks and Regulatory Landscape
2.3 Technology Pathways to Net Zero
2.4 Critical Materials Definition and Strategic Importance
2.5 Supply Chain Geopolitics
2.5.1 China's Dominance Across Value Chains
2.5.2 USA-China Trade Tensions and Supply Chain Issues
2.5.3 Resource Nationalism Trends
2.6 Investment Requirements and Funding Flows
2.7 Timeline to Energy Transition Milestones

3.1 Market Overview and Strategic Importance
3.1.1 Critical Materials Classification and Importance of Rare Earth Elements
3.1.2 2025 Global Rare Earth Magnet Demand by Application
3.1.3 Geographic Distribution of Rare Earth Supply Chain
3.1.4 Rare Earth Oxide Price Volatility
3.1.5 Projected Regional Capacity Development
3.1.6 Leading Global Rare Earth Magnet Companies by Segment
3.2 Rare Earth Magnet Technologies
3.2.1 NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) Magnets
3.2.1.1 Sintered NdFeB Magnets
3.2.1.2 Bonded NdFeB Magnets
3.2.2 SmCo (Samarium-Cobalt) Magnets
3.2.3 Ferrite and AlNiCo Alternatives
3.2.4 Performance Comparison: NdFeB vs SmCo
3.2.5 Value Chain Architecture and Dependencies
3.2.6 Critical Rare Earth Elements in Magnet Applications
3.3 Rare Earth Mining and Processing
3.3.1 Global Rare Earth Deposit Types and Characteristics
3.3.2 Mining Operations and Production Capacity
3.3.3 North American Mining Operations
3.3.4 Australian Operations
3.3.5 Canadian Heavy Rare Earth Projects
3.3.6 European Rare Earth Projects
3.3.7 South American and African Development
3.3.8 Separation Technologies
3.3.9 Metallization Process Fundamentals
3.3.10 Global Processing Capacity Expansion Projections
3.4 Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturing
3.4.1 Sintered Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturing
3.4.1.1 Powder Preparation and Hydrogen Decrepitation
3.4.1.2 Jet Milling and Particle Size Control
3.4.1.3 Magnetic Alignment and Pressing
3.4.1.4 Sintering and Heat Treatment
3.4.1.5 Machining and Surface Finishing
3.4.2 Coating Systems for Sintered Magnets
3.4.3 Bonded Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturing
3.4.4 Grain Boundary Diffusion Technology
3.4.5 Advanced Manufacturing Processes
3.4.6 Global Magnet Production Capacity by Region
3.4.7 Non-Chinese Production Capacity Development
3.5 Rare Earth Magnet Applications
3.5.1 Automotive and Electric Vehicles
3.5.1.1 Electric Vehicle Traction Motor Technology
3.5.2 PM Synchronous Motors (PMSM) Dominance
3.5.3 Magnet Content per Vehicle (1.2-3.8 kg)
3.5.4 Regional Vehicle Electrification Projections
3.5.5 Commercial Vehicle Electrification
3.5.6 Wind Energy
3.5.6.1 Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generators
3.5.6.2 Offshore Wind Development
3.5.6.3 Onshore Wind Market Dynamics
3.5.6.4 Magnet Content per MW (600-800 kg direct drive)
3.5.7 Robotics and Humanoid Robots
3.5.7.1 Industrial Automation
3.5.7.2 Humanoid Robotics Commercialization
3.5.7.3 Collaborative Robotics
3.5.7.4 Service Robotics Deployment
3.5.8 Consumer Electronics
3.5.9 Industrial Motors and Automation
3.5.10 Data Centers and IT Infrastructure
3.5.11 Medical and Healthcare Applications
3.5.12 Aerospace and Defense
3.6 Rare Earth Magnet Recycling
3.6.1 Recycling Industry Overview
3.6.2 Feedstock Sources and Availability
3.6.3 Recycling Technologies
3.6.3.1 Short-Loop Recycling (Magnet-to-Magnet)
3.6.3.2 Long-Loop Recycling (Element Recovery)
3.6.3.3 Hydrogen Decrepitation Processes
3.6.3.4 Hydrometallurgical Recovery
3.6.4 Key Recycling Companies Technology Focus
3.6.5 Rare Earth Element Recycling Priority Assessment
3.6.6 Recycling Capacity Development (2026-2036)
3.6.7 Material Recovery Forecasts
3.6.8 Economic Viability Assessment
3.6.9 Policy Support and Regulatory Drivers
3.6.10 Global Market Size Projections
3.6.11 Demand Forecasts by Application Segment
3.6.12 Demand Forecasts by Material Type
3.6.13 Rare Earth Element Demand Forecasts
3.6.14 Regional Market Analysis
3.6.15 Price Projections and Volatility Analysis
3.6.16 Supply-Demand Balance Scenarios
3.6.17 Investment and Funding Trends

4.1 Green Hydrogen Market Overview
4.1.1 Hydrogen Color Spectrum (Grey, Blue, Green)
4.1.2 Role of Hydrogen in Energy Transition
4.1.3 Decarbonization Potential by Sector
4.1.4 Global Hydrogen Production Landscape
4.1.5 Green Hydrogen Projects Pipeline
4.1.6 Investment Flow Analysis
4.1.7 Policy Support and Subsidies
4.1.8 Market Concentration and Competitive Dynamics
4.2 Electrolyzer Market Analysis
4.2.1 2024-2025 Electrolyzer Market Reality: Overcapacity and Consolidation
4.2.2 Market Landscape and Consolidation
4.2.3 Supply Chain Fragility
4.2.4 Technology Market Share Evolution
4.3 Electrolyzer Technologies
4.3.1 Alkaline Water Electrolysis (AWE)
4.3.2 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis
4.3.3 Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Electrolysis
4.3.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC)
4.3.5 Technology Comparison
4.3.6 Other Electrolyzer Technologies
4.4 Electrolyzer Catalyst Materials (Critical Materials)
4.4.1 Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) Overview
4.4.2 Iridium: Supply-Constrained Critical Material
4.4.3 Platinum Catalysts
4.4.4 Non-PGM Catalyst Development
4.4.5 Catalyst Cost Reduction Pathways
4.4.6 Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
4.5 Green Hydrogen Applications
4.5.1 Industrial Feedstock
4.5.1.1 Ammonia Production
4.5.1.2 Methanol Synthesis
4.5.1.3 Refinery Operations
4.5.2 Steel Production (H-DRI)
4.5.3 Transportation
4.5.3.1 Fuel Cell Vehicles
4.5.3.2 Heavy-Duty Trucking
4.5.3.3 Maritime Shipping
4.5.3.4 Aviation (SAF Production)
4.5.4 Power Generation and Grid Balancing
4.5.5 Building Heating
4.5.6 Hydrogen Storage Solutions
4.5.6.1 Compressed Hydrogen
4.5.6.2 Liquid Hydrogen
4.5.6.3 Metal Hydride Storage
4.5.6.4 Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier
4.6 Water and Land Use for Green Hydrogen Production
4.7 Infrastructure Investment Requirements
4.8 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
4.8.1 Global Production Forecasts
4.8.2 Electrolyzer Deployment Projections
4.8.3 Manufacturing Capacity Expansion
4.8.4 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Projections
4.8.5 Regional Market Analysis

5.1 Battery Market Overview
5.1.1 Battery Technology Fundamentals
5.1.2 Li-ion Battery Pack Demand by Application
5.1.3 Electric Vehicle Battery Market
5.1.4 Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
5.1.5 Consumer Electronics
5.1.6 Regional Manufacturing Capacity
5.2 Battery Cathode Materials
5.2.1 Cathode Chemistry Evolution
5.2.2 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
5.2.2.1 NMC 532, 622, 811 Compositions
5.2.2.2 High-Nickel Development
5.2.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
5.2.3.1 Cost Advantages
5.2.3.2 LMFP Development
5.2.4 Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
5.2.5 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)
5.2.6 Cathode Material Supply Chain
5.3 Battery Anode Materials
5.3.1 Graphite Anode Technologies
5.3.1.1 Natural vs. Synthetic Graphite
5.3.1.2 Supply Chain Concentration
5.3.2 Silicon Anode Integration
5.3.2.1 Silicon Nanowires
5.3.2.2 Silicon-Graphite Composites
5.3.2.3 Silicon Oxide (SiOx)
5.3.3 Lithium Metal Anodes
5.3.4 Advanced Anode Materials
5.4 Battery Electrolytes and Separators
5.4.1 Liquid Electrolytes
5.4.2 Solid Electrolytes
5.4.3 Separator Technologies
5.5 Critical Materials in Batteries
5.5.1 Lithium
5.5.2 Cobalt
5.5.3 Nickel
5.5.4 Manganese
5.5.5 Graphite
5.6 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

6.1 Solid-State Batteries
6.1.1 Technology Overview
6.1.2 Solid Electrolyte Materials
6.1.2.1 Oxide Electrolytes
6.1.2.2 Sulfide Electrolytes
6.1.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes
6.1.3 Performance Advantages
6.1.4 Manufacturing Challenges
6.1.5 Commercialization Timeline
6.2 Semi-Solid-State Batteries
6.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.3.1 Technology Overview
6.3.2 Cathode Materials
6.3.2.1 Layered Oxides
6.3.2.2 Prussian Blue Analogues
6.3.2.3 Polyanionic Compounds
6.3.3 Anode Materials (Hard Carbon)
6.3.4 Cost Advantages
6.3.5 Applications and Market Potential
6.4 Other Emerging Technologies
6.4.1 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
6.4.2 Aluminum-Ion Batteries
6.4.3 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
6.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

7.1 Market Overview and Drivers
7.1.1 Recycling Drivers
7.1.1.1 Resource Security
7.1.1.2 Environmental Benefits
7.1.1.3 Economic Viability
7.1.2 Battery Waste Streams and Volumes
7.2 Recycling Technologies
7.2.1 Pyrometallurgy
7.2.2 Hydrometallurgy
7.2.3 Direct Recycling
7.2.4 Hybrid Approaches
7.2.5 Technology Comparison
7.3 Black Mass Production and Processing
7.3.1 Black Mass Composition
7.3.2 Processing Economics
7.3.3 Trade and Export Considerations
7.4 Material Recovery by Component
7.4.1 Lithium Recovery
7.4.2 Cobalt Recovery
7.4.3 Nickel Recovery
7.4.4 Manganese Recovery
7.4.5 Graphite Recovery
7.5 Recycling Different Cathode Chemistries
7.5.1 LCO Recycling
7.5.2 LMO Recycling
7.5.3 NMC Recycling
7.5.4 LFP Recycling
7.5.5 NCA Recycling
7.6 Supply Chain Integration
7.6.1 Collection Networks
7.6.2 Sorting and Pre-treatment
7.6.3 Integration with Battery Manufacturing
7.7 Regulatory Frameworks
7.7.1 EU Battery Regulation
7.7.2 US State-Level Requirements
7.7.3 China Battery Recycling Policies
7.8 Recycling Capacity Development
7.9 Market Forecasts (2024-2034)

8.1 Market Overview and Drivers
8.1.1 TIM Technology Fundamentals
8.1.2 Comparative Properties of TIMs
8.2 TIM Technology Classification
8.2.1 Thermal Greases, Gels & Pastes
8.2.2 Thermal Pads
8.2.3 Gap Fillers
8.2.4 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
8.2.5 Thermal Adhesives
8.2.6 Potting Compounds/Encapsulants
8.2.7 Metal-Based TIMs
8.2.8 Carbon-Based TIMs (Graphene, CNT)
8.3 Performance Characteristics
8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity Requirements
8.3.2 System Level Performance Factors
8.3.3 Pricing Analysis
8.4 TIMs for Electric Vehicles
8.4.1 Battery Thermal Management
8.4.1.1 Cell-to-Pack Designs
8.4.1.2 Cell-to-Chassis Configurations
8.4.2 Power Electronics Cooling
8.4.3 EV Charging Infrastructure
8.4.4 Market Size and Forecasts
8.5 TIMs for Renewable Energy
8.5.1 Solar Inverter Applications
8.5.2 Wind Power Electronics
8.5.3 Energy Storage Systems
8.5.4 Market Forecasts
8.6 TIMs for Data Centers
8.6.1 Server Thermal Management
8.6.2 Power Supply Units
8.6.3 Backup Battery Units
8.6.4 Market Forecasts
8.7 TIMs in ADAS Sensors
8.8 Market Forecasts (2022-2036)

9.1 Data Center Power Density Trends
9.1.1 AI Accelerator Cooling Requirements
9.1.2 Air Cooling Limitations
9.2 Liquid Cooling Technologies
9.2.1 Direct-to-Chip (D2C) Liquid Cooling
9.2.2 Immersion Cooling
9.2.2.1 Single-Phase Immersion Cooling
9.2.2.2 Two-Phase Immersion Cooling
9.2.3 Rear-Door Heat Exchangers
9.2.4 Cold Plate Hybrid Systems
9.3 Rack-Level Power Limitations
9.4 Cooling Fluids and Dielectric Materials
9.4.1 Mineral Oils
9.4.2 Synthetic Fluids
9.4.3 Fluorocarbon Fluids
9.4.4 Hydrocarbon-Based Fluids
9.5 TIMs for Immersion Cooling
9.5.1 Chemical Compatibility
9.5.2 Thermal Stability
9.5.3 Surface Wettability
9.5.4 Environmental Considerations
9.6 Liquid Cooling Market Forecasts
9.7 Heat Recovery and Reuse Systems
9.8 Energy Efficiency Considerations

10.1 Advanced Packaging Evolution
10.1.1 2.5D Integration
10.1.2 3D Integration
10.1.3 Chiplet Architectures
10.2 Thermal Challenges in High-Density Packaging
10.3 Heat Flux Density Trends (>200 W/cm²)
10.4 Package-Level Thermal Solutions
10.4.1 Integrated Heat Spreaders
10.4.2 Thermal Vias
10.4.3 Embedded Cooling Channels
10.5 Advanced TIM Requirements
10.6 Chip-Level Cooling Approaches
10.6.1 Microfluidic Cooling
10.6.2 Thermoelectric Cooling Integration
10.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)

11.1 Market Overview
11.2 Established vs. Emerging Technologies
11.3 Value Chain Analysis
11.4 Thermoelectric (Peltier) Cooling Systems
11.4.1 Technology Maturity and Market Penetration
11.4.2 Thermoelectric Materials
11.4.2.1 Bismuth Telluride Materials
11.4.2.2 Non-Toxic and Lower-Cost Alternatives
11.4.3 Performance Characteristics and Limitations
11.4.4 Applications
11.4.5 Market Size
11.5 Magnetocaloric Cooling
11.5.1 Technology Principles and Development Status
11.5.2 Commercial Applications
11.6 Performance Advantages and Challenges
11.7 Electrocaloric Cooling
11.7.1 Technology Fundamentals and Material Systems
11.7.2 Current Development Stage and Commercialization Timeline
11.7.3 Market Potential and Applications
11.8 LED-Based Thermophotonic Cooling
11.8.1 Principles
11.8.2 Technical Specifications and Performance Parameters
11.8.3 Advantages Over Conventional Methods
11.8.4 Technology Readiness Level
11.8.5 Manufacturing Cost Analysis
11.8.6 Temperature Range Capabilities
11.9 Phononic Cooling Systems
11.9.1 Solid-State Phonon Manipulation Principles
11.9.2 Technology Approach and Development Status
11.9.3 Market Positioning and Commercial Potential
11.10 Barocaloric and Elastocaloric Cooling
11.11 Quantum Cryogenic Cooling
11.11.1 Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR)
11.11.2 Continuous ADR (cADR) Systems
11.11.3 Dilution Refrigerators
11.11.4 Quantum Cooling Requirements
11.12 Advanced Thermionic Cooling
11.13 Performance Benchmarking
11.13.1 Cross-Technology Comparison
11.13.2 Technology Roadmap
11.14 Market Forecasts by Technology
11.15 Market Forecasts by End User
11.16 Regional Market Analysis
11.17 Application Segmentation
11.17.1 Cryogenic Applications (sub-100K)
11.17.2 Ultra-Low Temperature Applications (100-150K)
11.17.3 Moderate Cooling Applications (>150K)
11.17.4 Semiconductor Sensor Cooling
11.17.5 Consumer Electronics Thermal Management
11.17.6 Automotive Thermal Systems
11.18 Price Performance Evolution
11.19 Market Drivers and Growth Catalysts
11.20 Customer Needs Assessment

12.1 Lithium
12.1.1 Global Lithium Supply and Demand
12.1.2 Lithium Extraction Technologies
12.1.2.1 Hard Rock Mining (Spodumene)
12.1.2.2 Brine Extraction (Salar)
12.1.2.3 Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE)
12.1.2.4 Geothermal Lithium Extraction
12.1.2.5 Clay-Based Lithium Extraction
12.1.3 Battery-Grade Lithium Production
12.1.3.1 Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3)
12.1.3.2 Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
12.1.3.3 Conversion Technologies
12.1.4 Geographic Supply Concentration
12.1.4.1 Australia (Hard Rock)
12.1.4.2 Chile and Argentina (Brine)
12.1.4.3 China (Processing Dominance)
12.1.4.4 Emerging Sources (US, Europe, Africa)
12.2 Price Trends and Projections
12.2.1 Recycling and Secondary Supply
12.2.2 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.3 Cobalt
12.3.1 Global Cobalt Market Overview
12.3.2 Supply Concentration (DRC)
12.3.2.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Mining
12.3.2.2 Indonesian Supply Growth
12.3.2.3 Australian and Philippine Sources
12.3.3 Cobalt Reduction Strategies
12.3.3.1 High-Nickel Cathode Development
12.3.3.2 LFP Adoption
12.3.3.3 Cobalt-Free Cathodes
12.3.4 Recycling Potential
12.3.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.4 Nickel
12.4.1 Battery-Grade Nickel Demand
12.4.2 Class 1 vs. Class 2 Nickel
12.4.2.1 Class 1 (High Purity) Requirements
12.4.2.2 Class 2 Production Methods
12.4.2.3 High-Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL)
12.4.3 Indonesian Supply Expansion
12.4.3.1 Indonesian Processing Capacity
12.4.3.2 Chinese Investment in Indonesia
12.4.3.3 Environmental Concerns
12.4.4 Environmental Considerations
12.4.4.1 Carbon Intensity of Production
12.4.4.2 Tailings Management
12.4.4.3 Deep-Sea Mining Proposals
12.4.5 Nickel Sulfate Production
12.4.6 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.5 Graphite
12.5.1 Natural vs. Synthetic Graphite
12.5.1.1 Natural Graphite Sources
12.5.1.2 Synthetic Graphite Production
12.5.1.3 Performance Comparison
12.5.2 Supply Chain Concentration (China)
12.5.2.1 Chinese Mining Dominance
12.5.2.2 Chinese Processing Capacity
12.5.2.3 Export Restrictions Impact
12.5.3 Spherical Graphite Processing
12.5.3.1 Purification Requirements
12.5.3.2 Spheroidization Process
12.5.3.3 Coating Technologies
12.5.4 Anode Material Applications
12.5.5 Alternative Supply Development
12.5.5.1 North American Projects
12.5.5.2 European Supply Chain
12.5.5.3 African Resources
12.5.6 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.6 Copper
12.6.1 Copper in Energy Transition Applications
12.6.2 EV Copper Content
12.6.2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (60-80 kg)
12.6.2.2 Charging Infrastructure
12.6.2.3 Electric Motors and Wiring
12.6.3 Renewable Energy Infrastructure
12.6.3.1 Solar PV Systems
12.6.3.2 Wind Turbines
12.6.3.3 Inverters and Balance of System
12.6.4 Grid Infrastructure Requirements
12.6.4.1 Transmission Lines
12.6.4.2 Distribution Networks
12.6.4.3 Transformers and Substations
12.6.5 Supply Constraints and Development
12.6.5.1 Chilean Production
12.6.5.2 Peruvian Expansion
12.6.5.3 Declining Ore Grades
12.6.5.4 New Project Pipeline
12.6.6 Copper Recycling
12.6.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.7 Silicon
12.7.1 Solar-Grade Silicon (Polysilicon)
12.7.1.1 Siemens Process
12.7.1.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor Process
12.7.1.3 Chinese Production Dominance
12.7.2 Battery Anode Silicon
12.7.2.1 Silicon Nanopowders
12.7.2.2 Silicon-Carbon Composites
12.7.2.3 Pre-lithiation Technologies
12.7.3 Semiconductor-Grade Silicon
12.7.3.1 Electronic-Grade Purity
12.7.3.2 Wafer Manufacturing
12.7.4 Supply Chain Analysis
12.7.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.8 Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
12.8.1 Platinum Applications
12.8.1.1 Fuel Cells
12.8.1.2 Automotive Catalysts
12.8.1.3 Industrial Applications
12.8.2 Palladium Markets
12.8.3 Iridium for Electrolyzers
12.8.3.1 PEM Electrolyzer Requirements
12.8.3.2 Supply Constraints
12.8.3.3 Iridium Loading Reduction
12.8.4 Ruthenium and Rhodium
12.8.5 Recycling and Secondary Supply
12.8.5.1 Automotive Catalyst Recycling
12.8.5.2 Electronics Recycling
12.8.5.3 Industrial Catalyst Recovery
12.8.6 South African Supply Concentration
12.8.7 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.9 Manganese
12.9.1 Battery Applications
12.9.1.1 NMC Cathode Materials
12.9.1.2 LMO Batteries
12.9.1.3 LMFP Development
12.9.2 High-Purity Manganese Sulfate
12.9.3 Global Supply Analysis
12.9.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.10 Vanadium
12.10.1 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs)
12.10.1.1 Technology Overview
12.10.1.2 Grid-Scale Storage Applications
12.10.1.3 Long-Duration Storage Benefits
12.10.2 Vanadium Electrolyte Production
12.10.3 Supply Sources
12.10.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.11 Gallium and Germanium
12.11.1 Semiconductor Applications
12.11.1.1 GaN Power Electronics
12.11.1.2 GaAs Photovoltaics
12.11.1.3 Infrared Optics
12.11.2 Chinese Export Restrictions
12.11.3 Alternative Supply Development
12.11.4 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.12 Boron
12.12.1 NdFeB Magnet Applications
12.12.2 Specialty Glass and Ceramics
12.12.3 Supply Sources
12.12.4 Market Forecasts
12.13 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals
12.13.1 Battery Electrolyte Applications
12.13.1.1 LiPF6 Production
12.13.1.2 Fluorinated Solvents
12.13.1.3 PVDF Binders
12.13.2 Fluoropolymer Membranes
12.13.2.1 Nafion and PEM Membranes
12.13.2.2 Fuel Cell Applications
12.13.2.3 Refrigerant Transitions (HFCs to HFOs)
12.13.2.4 Supply Chain Analysis
12.13.2.5 Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
12.14 Phosphorus
12.14.1 LFP Battery Applications
12.14.2 Fertilizer Competition
12.14.3 Supply Sources
12.14.4 Market Forecasts
12.15 Bismuth Telluride
12.15.1 Thermoelectric Applications
12.15.2 Supply Sources
12.15.3 Alternative Materials Development
12.15.4 Market Forecasts
12.16 Titanium
12.16.1 Electrolyzer Applications
12.16.1.1 PEM Bipolar Plates
12.16.1.2 Coatings and Components
12.16.2 Aerospace Applications
12.16.3 Supply Chain Analysis
12.16.3.1 Market Forecasts
12.17 Indium
12.17.1 Transparent Conductive Oxides (ITO)
12.17.2 Solar Cell Applications
12.17.3 Thermal Interface Materials
12.17.4 Supply Sources
12.17.5 Market Forecasts

13.1 China
13.2 Europe
13.3 North America
13.4 Asia-Pacific (ex-China)
13.5 Rest of World

14.1 Rare Earth Magnets Technology Roadmap
14.2 Green Hydrogen Technology Roadmap
14.3 Battery Technologies Roadmap
14.4 Thermal Management Roadmap
14.5 Recycling Technologies Roadmap

15.1 Rare Earth Mining and Processing Companies (13 Company Profiles)
15.2 Rare Earth Magnet Manufacturers (10 Company Profiles)
15.3 Rare Earth Recycling Companies (11 Company Profiles)
15.4 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - Alkaline (8 Company Profiles)
15.5 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - PEM (6 Company Profiles)
15.6 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - AEM (6 Company Profiles)
15.7 Electrolyzer Manufacturers - SOEC (4 Company Profiles)
15.8 Other Electrolyzer and Hydrogen Companies (18 Company Profiles)
15.9 Battery Recycling Companies (41 Company Profiles)
15.10 Battery Materials and Cell Manufacturers (41 Company Profiles)
15.11 Thermal Interface Materials Companies (116 Company Profiles)
15.12 Solid-State Cooling Companies (53 Company Profiles)

16.1 Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
16.2 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations
16.3 Appendix C: Methodology
16.4 Appendix D: Regulatory Framework Summary

Table 1. Global Energy Transition & Critical Materials Market Size Summary (2026-2036)
Table 2. Global Energy Transition Market Size Overview (2026-2036)
Table 3. Investment Requirements by Sector (US$ Billions)
Table 4. Technology Readiness Levels for Key Energy Transition Technologies
Table 5. Technology Roadmap for Energy Transition
Table 6. Critical Materials Classification by Supply Risk and Economic Importance
Table 7. Critical Materials Supply Chain Map
Table 8. Global Climate Policy Framework Comparison
Table 9. Technology Pathways to Net Zero by 2050
Table 10. Critical Materials Definition and Classification
Table 11. Geographic Concentration of Critical Materials Supply Chains
Table 12. Global Critical Materials Supply Chain Dependencies
Table 13. Cumulative Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
Table 14. Energy Transition Milestones Timeline (2024-2050)
Table 15. Global Rare Earth Magnet Market Size Projections (2026-2036)
Table 16. Rare Earth Magnet Market Size (2026-2036)
Table 17. 2025 Global Rare Earth Magnet Demand by Application
Table 18. Market Demand Forecasts (tonnes) by Application, 2026-2036
Table 19. Market Demand Forecasts (tonnes) by Application, 2026-2036
Table 20. 2025 Geographic Distribution of Rare Earth Supply Chain
Table 21. Rare Earth Oxide Price Volatility (2020-2025)
Table 22. Price Trends for Key Rare Earth Oxides
Table 23. Projected Regional Capacity Development 2025-2036
Table 24. Leading Global Rare Earth Magnet Companies by Segment
Table 25. Rare Earth Magnet Performance Comparison
Table 26. NdFeB vs SmCo Performance Comparison
Table 27. Value Chain Stage Analysis
Table 28. Critical Rare Earth Elements in Magnet Applications
Table 29. Rare Earth Demand by Application (2025)
Table 30. Global Rare Earth Deposit Types and Characteristics
Table 31. Global Rare Earth Mining Production Forecast (Tonnes REO)
Table 32. Global Rare Earth Mining Capacity Expansion 2025-2036
Table 33. Global Rare Earth Mining Production by Region
Table 34. North American Mining Operations Status and Development Pipeline
Table 35. Australian Rare Earth Operations and Development Projects
Table 36. Canadian Heavy Rare Earth Project Comparison
Table 37. European Rare Earth Project Development Status
Table 38. European Rare Earth Deposit Characteristics and Processing Requirements
Table 39. South American Rare Earth Development Opportunities
Table 40. Rare Earth Separation Technology Comparison
Table 41. Separation Technology Process Flow
Table 42. Metallization Process Schematic
Table 43. Global Rare Earth Metal Refining Capacity Distribution
Table 44. Sintered Magnet Manufacturing Process Parameters
Table 45. Sintered Magnet Manufacturing Process Flow
Table 46. Sintered Magnet Coating System Performance and Cost Comparison
Table 47. Bonded Magnet Manufacturing Process Comparison
Table 48. Grain Boundary Diffusion vs Conventional Heavy Rare Earth Addition
Table 49. Global Magnet Manufacturing Capacity by Technology (2025)
Table 50. 2025 Global Rare Earth Magnet Demand
Table 51. Non-Chinese Magnet Production Capacity Development
Table 52. EV Motor Technology Adoption Rates
Table 53. EV Motor Technology Breakdown
Table 54. Wind Turbine Magnet Demand by Technology
Table 55. Robotics Rare Earth Magnet Demand Forecast
Table 56. Product Lifecycle and Recycling Availability
Table 57. Recycling Technology Comparison
Table 58. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Process Flow
Table 59. Key Recycling Companies Technology Focus
Table 60. Rare Earth Element Recycling Priority Assessment
Table 61. Material Recovery Forecasts (Tonnes and US$M), 2026-2036
Table 62. Market Demand Forecasts (tonnes) by Application, 2026-2036
Table 63. Global Rare Earth Magnet Demand by Application 2026-2036
Table 64. Market Demand Forecasts (tonnes) by Materials, 2026-2036
Table 65. Market Demand Forecasts (tonnes) by Materials, 2026-2036
Table 66. Rare Earth Element Demand Forecast (Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb)
Table 67. Investment and Funding in Rare Earth Magnets (2020-2025)
Table 68. Technology Innovation in Rare Earth Magnets
Table 69. Hydrogen Production Methods Comparison (Grey, Blue, Green)
Table 70. Global Hydrogen Production by Method (2024 vs 2036)
Table 71. Global Electrolyzer Market Evolution (2020-2024 Actual, 2025-2036 Projections)
Table 72. Electrolyzer Market Structure and Consolidation Projections
Table 73. Electrolyzer Technology Market Share Evolution (2024-2036)
Table 74. Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Technical Specifications
Table 75. AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers
Table 76. AWE LCOH by Region - Current (2024) vs. Projected (2030, 2036)
Table 77. Major AWE Manufacturers
Table 78.Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Schematic
Table 79. PEM Electrolyzer Detailed Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036
Table 80. PEM Cost Reduction Pathways - Feasibility and Impact Assessment
Table 81. Companies in the PEMEL market
Table 82. PEM Electrolyzer Schematic
Table 83. AEM Performance - Laboratory vs. Demonstration vs. Commercial Targets
Table 84. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
Table 85. AEM Electrolyzer Cost Structure - Current vs. Projected
Table 86. Companies in the AEM Electrolyzer Market
Table 87. AEM Electrolyzer Operation Diagram
Table 88. SOEC Performance - Theoretical vs. Pilot Demonstration vs. Commercial
Table 89. LCOH Comparison - SOEC vs. Alkaline in Best-Case Applications
Table 90. SOEC System Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2032-2036 Projection
Table 91. SOEC LCOH Scenarios - Best Case to Worst Case
Table 92. Companies in the SOEC Market
Table 93. SOEC High-Temperature Electrolysis
Table 94. Electrolyzer Technology Cost Comparison - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036 (All Technologies)
Table 95. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
Table 96. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
Table 97. Direct Seawater vs. Desalinated Water Electrolysis Comparison
Table 98. PEC vs. PV Electrolysis Pathway Comparison
Table 99. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
Table 100. Iridium Supply Constraint vs. PEM Electrolyzer Scaling Requirements
Table 101. Green Steel Production Costs and Economics
Table 102. Global Steel Production by Method and Decarbonization Potential
Table 103. Transition to Hydrogen-Based Steel Production
Table 104. Green Steel H-DRI Process Diagram
Table 105. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 106. Water Requirements for Green Hydrogen Production
Table 107. Land Footprint for Green Hydrogen Production
Table 108. Cumulative Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
Table 109. Global Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity - Current vs. Projected
Table 110. Global Electrolyzer Equipment Market Size, 2018-2036 (US$ Billions)
Table 111. Li-ion Battery Pack Demand by Application (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 112. Li-ion Battery Pack Demand for xEV (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 113. Li-ion Battery Market Value for xEV (US$B), 2019-2036
Table 114.Cathode Material Comparison (NMC, LFP, NCA, LCO)
Table 115. Battery Materials Cost Evolution and Competitiveness
Table 116. Solid-State Battery Electrolyte Comparison (Oxide, Sulfide, Polymer)
Table 117. Solid-State Battery Market Forecasts (GWh), 2019-2036
Table 118. Cost Comparison: Sodium-Ion vs Lithium-Ion
Table 119. Sodium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts (GWh and US$ Billions)
Table 120. Recycling Methods Comparison (Pyro vs Hydro vs Direct)
Table 121. Typical Li-ion Battery Recycling Process Flow
Table 122. Black Mass Composition by Battery Chemistry
Table 123. Material Recovery Rates by Recycling Method
Table 124. Battery Recycling Supply Chain Participants
Table 125. EU Battery Regulation Requirements
Table 126. China Battery Recycling Regulations and Policies
Table 127. Li-ion Battery Recycling Capacity by Region
Table 128. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2024-2034)
Table 129. Thermal conductivities (?) of common metallic, carbon, and ceramic fillers employed in TIMs
Table 130. Commercial TIMs and their properties
Table 131. Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type
Table 132. Materials by Thermal, Mechanical, and Application Properties
Table 133. Key Factors in System Level Performance for TIMs
Table 134. Thermal interface materials prices
Table 135. TIM Application in EV Battery Packs
Table 136. Global TIM Market in Electric Vehicles (2022-2036) by Type
Table 137. TIMs in Wind Power Electronics
Table 138. TIMs in Energy Storage Systems
Table 139. Global TIM Market in Renewable Energy (2022-2036)
Table 140. TIMs in BBU
Table 141. Global TIM Market in Data Centers (2022-2036)
Table 142. ADAS Sensor TIM Applications and Requirements
Table 143. TIM Company Competitive Analysis for ADAS Applications
Table 144. Liquid Cooling Technology Comparison
Table 145. Hybrid Cooling System Performance Comparison
Table 146. Rack-Level Power Limitations by Cooling Technology
Table 147. Immersion Cooling Fluid Comparison
Table 148. Data Center Liquid Cooling Market Forecasts (2025-2036)
Table 149. D2C and Immersion Cooling Unit Forecasts
Table 150. Data Center Cooling Cost Analysis
Table 151. Semiconductor Packaging Technology Evolution
Table 152. 2.5D and 3D Packaging Thermal Challenges
Table 153. GPU Package Thermal Requirements (RTX 4090 to Future 3D)
Table 154. Global TIM Market in Advanced Semiconductor Packaging (2022-2036)
Table 155. Microfluidic Cooling Performance Specifications
Table 156. Thermoelectric Cooling Integration Specifications
Table 157. Global Solid-State Cooling Market Size (2025-2036)
Table 158. Established vs. Emerging Solid-State Cooling Technologies
Table 159. Thermoelectric (Peltier) Cooling Systems Performance Characteristics
Table 160. Magnetocaloric Cooling Performance vs Conventional Systems
Table 161. Magnetocaloric Cooling Commercial Applications
Table 162. Magnetocaloric Cooling Performance Advantages and Challenges
Table 163. Electrocaloric Materials and Performance Characteristics
Table 164. Electrocaloric Effect Temperature Changes by Material Type
Table 165. LED Cooling Performance Parameters and Specifications
Table 166. GaAs LED Performance Characteristics for Cooling Applications
Table 167. LED Cooling vs Thermoelectric Cooling Performance Comparison
Table 168. LED Cooling Technology Readiness Level and Development Status
Table 169. LED Cooling Manufacturing Cost Analysis ($/W basis)
Table 170. Cooling Temperature Range Capabilities (sub-100K to 150K)
Table 171. Quantum Cooling Requirements by Application
Table 172. Quantum Device Operating Temperature Requirements
Table 173. Performance Benchmarking Matrix Across All Technologies
Table 174. Global Solid State Cooling Market Size by Technology (2020-2036), Millions USD
Table 175. Global Solid State Cooling Market Size by End User Market (2020-2036)
Table 176. Regional Market Analysis - Revenue by Geography 2022-2036
Table 177. Cryogenic Applications (sub-100K)
Table 178. Ultra-Low Temperature Applications (100-150K)
Table 179. Moderate Cooling Applications (>150K)
Table 180. Semiconductor Sensor Solid-State Cooling
Table 181. Solid-State Cooling in Consumer Electronics
Table 182. Solid-State Cooling in Automotive Thermal Systems
Table 183. Price Performance Evolution by Technology Type
Table 184. Global Lithium Supply and Demand Balance
Table 185. Lithium Extraction Technology Comparison
Table 186. Global Lithium Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
Table 187. Global Cobalt Supply and Demand
Table 188. Global Cobalt Market Forecasts (2026-2036)
Table 189. Global Nickel Supply by Source and Application
Table 190. Natural vs Synthetic Graphite Comparison
Table 191. Global Natural Graphite Mining Production by Country
Table 192. Graphite Supply Chain Concentration by Value Chain Stage
Table 193. Global Graphite Market Forecasts
Table 194. Copper Demand in Energy Transition Applications
Table 195. Global Copper Market Forecasts
Table 196. Global Silicon Supply Chain Analysis
Table 197. PGM Supply and Demand by Metal
Table 198. Global PGM Market Forecasts
Table 199. Global Manganese Market Forecasts
Table 200. Global Vanadium Market Forecasts
Table 201. Global Gallium and Germanium Market Forecasts
Table 202. Global Fluorochemicals Market Forecasts
Table 203. China Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 204. Europe Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 205. North America Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 206. Asia-Pacific Critical Materials Market Analysis
Table 207. Rest of World Critical Materials Market Analysis

Figure 1. Cathode Material Market Forecasts
Figure 2. BEV Car Cathode Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Figure 3. Anode Material Comparison (Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal)
Figure 4. BEV Anode Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Figure 5. Advanced Anode Materials Market Forecasts
Figure 6. Silicon Anode Integration Roadmap
Figure 7. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Figure 8. All-Solid-State Lithium Battery Schematic
Figure 9. Sodium-Ion Battery Market Forecast (GWh), 2019-2036
Figure 10. Sodium-Ion Battery Market Value (US$B), 2019-2036
Figure 11. Schematic of Na-ion Battery
Figure 12. Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process
Figure 13. Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process
Figure 14. Direct Recycling Process Schematic
Figure 15. Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Process Flow
Figure 16. Cell-to-Pack Design with TIMs
Figure 17. Cell-to-Chassis Battery Pack Configuration
Figure 18. TIMs in EV Charging Stations
Figure 19. Direct-to-Chip Liquid Cooling Implementation
Figure 20. Immersion Cooling Tank Configuration
Figure 21. Heat Recovery System Architecture
Figure 22. 2.5D Packaging Structure with Thermal Paths
Figure 23. 3D IC Packaging Thermal Challenges
Figure 24. Microfluidic Cooling Channel Design
Figure 25. Global Solid-State Cooling Market Size (2025-2036)
Figure 26. Solid-State Cooling Value Chain
Figure 27. Thermoelectric Cooling Operation
Figure 28. Magnetocaloric Effect
Figure 29. Electrocaloric Cooling
Figure 30. Electrocaloric Cooling Commercialization Timeline
Figure 31. Simple Sketch of Electroluminescent Cooling
Figure 32. Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR) Process
Figure 33. Continuous ADR (cADR) System Architecture
Figure 34. Advanced Thermionic Cooling Commercialization Timeline
Figure 35. Application Suitability Mapping and Temperature Ranges
Figure 36. Solid-State Cooling Technology Roadmap
Figure 37. Global Solid State Cooling Market Size by End User Market
Figure 38. Global Lithium Supply vs Demand (2020-2036)
Figure 39. Rare Earth Magnets Technology Roadmap
Figure 40. Green Hydrogen Technology Roadmap
Figure 41. Battery Technologies Roadmap
Figure 42. Thermal Management Roadmap
Figure 43. Recycling Technologies Roadmap
Figure 44. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
Figure 45. (AEM Nexus containerized system)
Figure 46. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
Figure 47. Boron Nitride Nanotubes products
Figure 48. Transtherm® PCMs
Figure 49. Carbice carbon nanotubes
Figure 50. Internal structure of carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 51. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 52. HI-FLOW Phase Change Materials
Figure 53. Thermoelectric foil, consists of a sequence of semiconductor elements connected with conductive metal. At the top (in red) is the thermal interface
Figure 54. Parker Chomerics THERM-A-GAP GEL
Figure 55. Metamaterial structure used to control thermal emission
Figure 56. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product
Figure 57. The Sixth Element graphene products
Figure 58. Thermal conductive graphene film
Figure 59. VB Series of TIMS from Zeon
Figure 60. Pascal solid refrigerant prototype
Figure 61. µCooling fan-on-a-chip