Subcutaneous Injection Pen Market Strategy & Outlook 2026-2031

The global subcutaneous injection pen market is driven by the rapid expansion of cardiometabolic therapies and the convergence of digital health ecosystems. Global subcutaneous injection pen market size will reach an estimated range of 2.1 to 3.1 billion USD in 2026. Through the 2026 to 2031 forecast period, the market is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) bounded between 4.2% and 5.8%.

This trend is no longer propelled primarily by classic basal and prandial insulin administration. Instead, value migration is being catalyzed by high-volume incretin therapeutics, specifically dual and triple receptor agonists such as GLP-1 and GIP analogs. The industrial scale required to service blockbuster metabolic franchises like tirzepatide and semaglutide has created an acute supply-demand imbalance in high-precision, low-torque injection hardware.

Critical market dynamics include:

1. Therapeutic Portfolio Concentration: Revenue generation has consolidated around cardiometabolic health. For market leaders, combined sales of metabolic therapies account for more than half of corporate revenue, making device hardware availability a core driver of top-line revenue security.

2. Technological Bifurcation: The market is bifurcating into two primary hardware operational models: ultra-high-volume, single-use prefilled disposable devices optimized for weekly dosing regimens, and connected, smart reusable pens designed to anchor patients within closed-loop digital management ecosystems.

3. Regulatory and Environmental Squeezes: Legislative adjustments, such as the United States Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) negotiation frameworks and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions restrictions on Ethylene Oxide (EtO) sterilization, are narrowing lifecycle commercial windows and exposing vulnerable points in contract manufacturing networks.

4. Geopolitical Supply Chain Realignment: Legislative measures, including the U.S. BIOSECURE Act, are forcing biopharmaceutical sponsors to re-evaluate geographic footprints for drug delivery hardware, driving a pivot toward dual-sourcing and regionalized manufacturing nodes.

PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION & HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

The technical parameters of subcutaneous injection pens focus on dose accuracy, needle safety integration, and the minimization of injection force to maximize patient compliance. Hardware classification directly dictates capital expenditure (Capex) allocation, unit manufacturing costs, and long-term product lifecycle strategy. The market is structured across three hardware architectures:

Prefilled Disposable Pens

Single-use, integrated platforms containing a pre-measured drug reservoir. High-speed automated assembly lines operating at volumes exceeding tens of millions of units annually are essential to achieve cost-efficiency.

Key Operational Examples: KwikPen platforms (Eli Lilly and Company) and FlexTouch/FlexPen platforms (Novo Nordisk).

Strategic Context: Essential for high-demand, self-administered weekly biologics such as Mounjaro and Zepbound. These platforms prioritize mechanical simplicity, user ergonomics, and absolute dose repeatability without requiring patient cartridge loading. FlexTouch hardware employs a zero-torque spring-driven mechanism where the dose button remains static during dialing, reducing the physical force required for administration.

Reusable and Durable Pens

Multi-year mechanical devices engineered to accept replaceable 3mL or 1.5mL glass cartridges.

Key Operational Examples: HumaPen Savvio, NovoPen 5, GanleePen (Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals), and Dongbao Pen series (Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceutical).

Strategic Context: Preferred in cost-sensitive geographic regions and healthcare systems subject to centralized Volume-Based Procurement (VBP). While durable pens incur higher initial out-of-pocket acquisition costs for the mechanical body, they drastically reduce long-term per-dose expenditure and shipping weight. They are heavily utilized across Asia-Pacific, Latin American, and Eastern European insulin management programs.

Smart and Connected Pens

Sensory-enabled mechanical or modular architectures incorporating integrated microelectronics, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or Near Field Communication (NFC) protocols.

Key Operational Examples: InPen System (MiniMed Group), NovoPen 6 and NovoPen Echo Plus, and the Tempo Smart Button ecosystem.

Strategic Context: Smart platforms represent a shift from passive drug delivery to active therapeutic monitoring. By automatically capturing administration timestamps, exact unit volumes, and temperature exposures, smart pens integrate with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems and digital health applications. This connectivity establishes a defensible competitive moat by increasing switching costs for patients and providers who rely on integrated data workflows.

DOWNSTREAM APPLICATION DYNAMICS & THERAPEUTIC FRONTIERS

The downstream utilization of subcutaneous injection pens has transformed from a focus on endocrine care into a cross-therapeutic delivery vector for complex biologics.

Obesity Care

The fastest-growing application segment. Driven by weight-loss biologics including tirzepatide (Zepbound) and semaglutide (Wegovy), obesity care requires consistent, long-term self-administration. Field intelligence indicates that device ergonomics, low administration pain, and subtle visual design are vital factors influencing patient retention in self-pay and commercial insurance channels. The explosive volume demand in obesity care has exposed capacity constraints in primary packaging and pen assembly.

Diabetes Care

The foundational, mature segment comprising long-acting basal insulins (e.g., Basaglar, Lantus, Levemir), prandial human insulin analogs (e.g., Humalog, Novolog), and GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., Trulicity, Victoza, Ozempic). While volume growth in basic human insulin is stable, market value is maintained through transitions toward once-weekly basal insulin candidates (such as insulin efsitora alfa) and ultra-fine micro-dosing pens for pediatric care.

Others

New Indication Line Extensions (NILEX)

Biopharmaceutical sponsors are expanding the utility of established pen delivery platforms by pursuing label expansions into adjacent cardiometabolic and liver diseases. Key targets include:

• Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)
• Moderate-to-severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
• Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in diabetic and non-diabetic populations

By utilizing established, regulatory-cleared injection pen hardware for these line extensions, sponsors streamline phase III clinical trials and reduce regulatory approval friction.

Immunology, Neuroscience, and Oncology

Subcutaneous pen devices are expanding beyond metabolic health into high-value specialty biologics:

• Immunology: Self-administration devices for plaque psoriasis (e.g., Taltz) and ulcerative colitis (e.g., Omvoh).
• Neuroscience: Early-stage disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's pathology (e.g., Kisunla) requiring accessible self- or caregiver-administered delivery formats.

Oncology: Fixed-dose subcutaneous formulations for oncology supportive care and targeted systemic therapies (e.g., Inluriyo for targeted breast cancer regimes).

Commercial Hurdles: Despite superior pen technology, growth in non-diabetic applications is constrained by reimbursement friction, prior-authorization hurdles, and unfavorable health-plan formulary placements. Decisions by self-insured enterprise employers to exclude coverage for anti-obesity medications represent an ongoing drag on potential device volume realization.

VALUE CHAIN LANDSCAPE & COMMERCIALIZATION MODELS

The subcutaneous injection pen value chain operates through three distinct business and operational structures:

Upstream B2B Hardware & OEM/ODM CDMO Suppliers

Specialized medical device engineering companies develop intellectual property (IP) for baseline mechanical pen engines, custom dose-setting gear trains, and modular digital caps. Biopharmaceutical brands partner with these specialists under Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) frameworks.

Key Players: Ypsomed, Haselmeier (medmix), SHL Medical, Phillips-Medisize (a Molex company), Hanerxi (Suzhou) Healthcare Technology, and Jiangsu Delfu Medical Devices Co., Ltd.

Strategic Mechanics: These providers supply either ready-to-fill standardized hardware platforms (e.g., YpsoPen, D-Flex, Compact Disposable Pen) or co-develop custom devices tailored to proprietary viscosity profiles and primary drug container closures. This model allows pharma sponsors to mitigate mechanical R&D risks and compress time-to-market windows.

Vertically Integrated Biopharmaceutical Production

Tier-one pharmaceutical entities maintain proprietary, internal engineering and high-speed automated manufacturing infrastructure for their core injection device platforms.

Key Players: Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, and Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceutical.

Strategic Mechanics: Vertical integration provides absolute control over supply continuity, automated scale economies, and internal IP defenses. However, it requires massive upfront capital expenditure (Capex) and leaves the manufacturer vulnerable to single-point operational disruptions or rapid shifts in drug delivery formats.

Downstream Commercialization & Distribution

The completed drug-device combination product is commercialized via biopharmaceutical sales networks directly to hospital systems, institutional pharmacies, retail pharmacy chains, and direct-to-patient direct-to-consumer (DTC) channels.

GLOBAL MARKET STATUS & STRUCTURAL TRENDS

1. Incretin-Driven Volume Expansion and Supply Chain Risk

The demand for GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists has transformed drug delivery hardware manufacturing. In 2025 financial disclosures, Eli Lilly reported that Mounjaro and Zepbound combined accounted for 36.5 billion USD of the company's 65.18 billion USD total revenue. This high concentration highlights both commercial success and structural exposure to injection device bottlenecks. A supply constraint in primary glass cartridges, spring mechanisms, or automated pen assembly lines can disrupt billions in corporate revenue.

2. The Once-Weekly Dosing Shift & Ecodesign Imperatives

The industry transition from once-daily MDI regimes toward once-weekly formulations (exemplified by tirzepatide, weekly GLP-1s, and phase III weekly insulins like efsitora alfa) fundamentally alters device volume dynamics:

• Plastic Reduction: Shifting from daily to weekly administration cuts the physical device plastic footprint by approximately 66% per patient-year.
• ESG Integration: European and North American procurement tenders increasingly evaluate lifecycle environmental footprints. Manufacturers are using this shift to achieve internal corporate targets, such as Novo Nordisk's goal of a 30% footprint reduction in core product lines.
• Material Innovations: Device makers are incorporating ISCC+ certified bio-based polymers and designing modular reusable pens to reduce scope 3 carbon emissions.

3. Smart MDI Ecosystem Adoption

The market for Multiple Daily Injection (MDI) therapy is transitioning toward connected environments. The planned launch of the MiniMed Go with InPen system highlights the convergence of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) algorithms with automated injection tracking. Concurrently, Ypsomed and Haselmeier are scaling smart add-on modules and connected caps. These integrations enable healthcare payers to track real-world patient adherence, providing empirical data to support value-based reimbursement frameworks.

REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS & POLICY IMPACTS

North America

North America remains the primary profit center for advanced subcutaneous pen systems, characterized by high adoption of next-generation drug platforms, direct-to-consumer marketing, and rapid uptake of smart delivery technology. However, structural legislative changes are disrupting historical pricing dynamics:

• Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) Negotiations: Mandated price discounts on heavy-volume metabolic drugs (e.g., a 66% mandatory reduction for Jardiance) and selection of core biologic pens for future price setting are compressing margins. Because small molecule therapies face a shortened 9-year pre-negotiation pricing window versus 13 years for complex biologics, biopharmaceutical venture capital is shifting decisively toward complex biologics delivered via proprietary pen platforms.
• Strategic Channel Hedging (LillyDirect): To counter Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) rebate compression and administrative friction, direct-to-patient models like LillyDirect bypass traditional PBM-negotiated formulary traps, maintaining transparent access to prefilled pen treatments.
• 340B Revenue Recognition: HRSA administrative rulings regarding 340B contract pharmacy discounting allowed major players like Novo Nordisk to recognize previously constrained revenues (approximately 4.2 billion USD recognized in early 2026 filings), highlighting the material impact of domestic policy shifts on capital deployment.
• FDA Compounding Enforcement: The resolution of official drug shortage lists ended mass-scale compounding exceptions for GLP-1 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To capture displaced patients from compounding pharmacies, brand innovators launched targeted self-pay direct supply tiers (e.g., $199 to $349 per month options), redirecting volume back into authorized, factory-sealed prefilled pens.

Europe

Europe operates as a high-rigor, cost-constrained market dominated by single-payer health authorities, strict European Medicines Agency (EMA) clinical hurdles, and stringent European Medical Device Regulation (MDR) compliance costs.

• Cross-Border Biosimilar Alliances: European markets serve as a proving ground for international biosimilar distribution models. Approvals for biosimilar insulins (such as Ondibta and Kyinsu) represent collaborative models where high-volume, low-cost injection pens manufactured by China-based providers (e.g., Gan & Lee) are commercialized across the EU via established global partners like Sandoz.
• Regulatory Overhead: MDR certifications demand extensive clinical evaluation data, even for incremental hardware updates, raising capital requirements for independent CDMO hardware developers like Ypsomed and Haselmeier.
• Statutory Adjustments: Health systems enforce strict payback mechanisms (such as Italy's payback accrual system), driving device makers to optimize operational expenditures to maintain margin viability.

Asia-Pacific (APAC)

The APAC region presents a operational dichotomy: extreme price competition driven by centralized government tenders in China, balanced against premium, quality-focused markets in Japan and South Korea.

• China Volume-Based Procurement (VBP) Extension: National VBP mandates for insulins have been extended through late 2027. VBP prioritizes low supply prices and guaranteed volume fulfillment over premium hardware features. This environment favors large-scale domestic producers with low-cost reusable and prefilled options, such as Tonghua Dongbao, Gan & Lee, and domestic CDMOs like Hanerxi and Jiangsu Delfu.
• Policy Alignment for Innovation: Counteracting VBP margin pressures, municipal initiatives (such as Beijing's 16 Measures for Innovative Drugs) and national weight-management campaigns provide expedited local approval and hospital reimbursement pathways for advanced metabolic devices.
• Japan's Volume/Price Ceilings: Japan's Biennial and Annual Re-Pricing Mechanisms impose mandatory price cuts on drug-device combinations that breach annual sales thresholds. This creates a volume-driven ceiling on commercial returns, compelling biopharmaceutical brands to carefully manage lifecycle rollouts and plan timely transitions to newer hardware iterations.

South America & Middle East/Africa (MEA)

Emerging markets are bypassing historical import dependency by establishing local manufacturing hubs and technology transfers:

• Brazil Productive Development Partnerships (PDP): Strategic multi-year tech-transfer initiatives enable global partners to secure local market access. For instance, Gan & Lee's long-term supply and technology transfer agreement with the Brazilian government (valued at over 417 million USD) establishes local supply security for recombinant human insulin and analogs (Glargine, Aspart, Lispro) using specialized pen systems.
• Middle East Modernization: High regional prevalence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE, has driven rapid institutional adoption of premium connected MDI systems, such as MiniMed InPen platforms.

STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES & RISK MATRIX

1. The Indications Expansion Frontier

The total addressable market (TAM) for subcutaneous delivery devices is positioned for structural growth as multi-year clinical trials demonstrate secondary benefits for GLP-1/GIP molecules across non-diabetic indications:

• Renal Protection: FLOW trial outcomes validating progression delays in Chronic Kidney Disease.
• Cardiovascular Outcomes: STRIDE and related cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOT) establishing risk reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Liver Disease: MASH phase III trials demonstrating resolution of liver fibrosis.

Furthermore, the advancement of next-generation oral GLP-1 small molecules (e.g., Orforglipron, supported by regulatory fast-track mechanisms) presents a potential long-term disruption to injectable delivery formats. However, high-dose biologic therapies, multi-receptor peptides, and long-acting formulations will continue to rely on subcutaneous injection pens for the foreseeable future.

2. Environmental Regulations vs. Sterilization Constraints

A critical operational risk facing the subcutaneous pen supply chain is the regulatory bottleneck surrounding Ethylene Oxide (EtO) terminal sterilization. Newly finalized U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules mandate aggressive reductions in EtO emissions from commercial sterilization facilities.

Strategic Risk: While biopharmaceutical companies are transitioning toward sustainable bio-plastics under Ecodesign initiatives, the physical processing of prefilled plastic injection pens relies heavily on EtO sterilization to maintain device and drug integrity without causing thermal degradation. Compliance delays, facility upgrades, or shutdown of regional sterilization plants could cause widespread supply bottlenecks for prefilled pens, regardless of component material availability.

3. Geopolitical Exposure & Supply Chain Resilience

• Primary Material Dependency: Global reliance on a limited group of specialized primary packaging suppliers—such as SCHOTT for high-precision Type I borosilicate glass cartridges—creates a vulnerability to regional industrial shocks or energy shortages.
• Legislative Decoupling (BIOSECURE Act): U.S. legislative initiatives aimed at restricting commercial relationships with specific foreign biotechnology and manufacturing entities are disrupting global sourcing strategies. Pharmaceutical firms relying on international CDMOs for injection pen hardware, tooling, or sub-assembly are re-evaluating supplier networks.
• Strategic Risk Mitigation: Companies are adopting vertical localization strategies. For example, Gan & Lee's internal development and production of specialized primary container components (such as rubber plungers and stoppers) reduces dependency on single-source global suppliers and protects against trade disruptions.
• Illicit Market Exposure: High global demand and spot shortages of metabolic injections have fueled counterfeit production and unregulated gray-market compounded products. Fake injection devices pose severe patient safety risks and expose innovator brands to reputational liability, reinforcing the strategic need for tamper-evident, proprietary smart pen packaging.

COMPETITIVE DOSSIERS & CORPORATE MOATS

Novo Nordisk: Vertically integrated biopharmaceutical enterprise leading global diabetes and obesity care delivery networks.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Smart Connected Pens: NovoPen 6 and NovoPen Echo Plus. Feature integrated electronic dose memory, automatic timestamping, historical injection logs, and zero-battery-charging NFC connectivity for integration with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) software platforms.
• Reusable Mechanical Pens: NovoPen 4, NovoPen 5, and NovoPen Echo (providing 0.5-unit micro-dosing precision tailored for pediatric and insulin-sensitive regimens).
• Disposable Prefilled Pens: FlexTouch (featuring a proprietary spring-loaded non-extending dose push-button mechanism operating with zero user-exerted force) and FlexPen.
• Operational Moat: Massive manufacturing scale, proprietary internal assembly automation, deep global distribution channels, and integrated digital ecosystem compatibility.

Eli Lilly and Company: Vertically integrated global pharmaceutical innovator with strong market positioning in cardiometabolic delivery platforms.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Smart Connected Systems: Tempo Smart Pen system, comprising a reusable Tempo Smart Button that attaches to a compatible prefilled pen to record and transmit injection data via Bluetooth to mobile health apps.
• Reusable Mechanical Pens: HumaPen Savvio and HumaPen Luxura HD (delivering 0.5-unit dose increments).
• Disposable Prefilled Pens: KwikPen and Junior KwikPen platform series, deployed globally across basal insulins, Humalog, and incretin franchises (Mounjaro, Zepbound).
• Operational Moat: Rapidly expanding global manufacturing footprint, proprietary KwikPen infrastructure, and flexible commercial delivery models such as LillyDirect.

Ypsomed: Independent B2B medical technology CDMO specializing in drug delivery systems and injection devices.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Reusable Pen Platforms: YpsoPen, a customizable mechanical reusable pen designed for 3mL cartridges with variable dose dialing up to 80 units.
• Disposable Pen Platforms: UnoPen, a lightweight variable-dose prefilled single-use pen adaptable to variable biological liquid viscosities.
• Connected Pen Extensions: Smart cap add-ons, digital adherence integration modules, and connected sensors compatible with self-injection portfolios.
• Operational Moat: Broad international IP portfolio, non-competing business model serving multiple pharma sponsors, and flexible platform modularity.

MiniMed Group: Dedicated diabetes therapy business unit focusing on automated insulin delivery, smart sensors, and advanced Multiple Daily Injection (MDI) technology.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Smart Injection Pen Systems: InPen System, an FDA-cleared Bluetooth-connected smart subcutaneous pen. Features an intelligent dose calculator, active insulin tracking (insulin on board), temperature monitoring, missed-dose alerts, and integration with Guardian CGMs and third-party sensors.
• Operational Moat: Integration with proprietary algorithmic care software, continuous glucose sensor cross-talk, and established relationships with clinical endocrinology networks.

Haselmeier (medmix): Specialized Swiss-engineered device CDMO focused on custom self-injection hardware for healthcare applications.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Disposable OEM Platforms: D-Flex, a highly adaptable disposable pen platform that can be configured for fixed single doses or variable pre-set doses to prevent user dosing errors.
• Connected Smart Systems: D-Flex Logbook, integrating the D-Flex pen with a smart connected cap to capture administration events, dose timing, and thermal environment data.
• Reusable & Custom Platforms: iPen platform, UnoPen OEM variants, and Axis-D platform technologies.
• Operational Moat: High mechanical precision, flex-dose IP configurations, and modular product platforms designed for fast integration into partner drug programs.

SHL Medical: Global designer and contract manufacturer of advanced drug delivery systems, autoinjectors, and pen platforms.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Reusable Pen Platforms: PPI (Patient Pen Injector), a robust reusable subcutaneous pen platform engineered for standard 3mL ISO glass cartridges.
• Autoinjector & Specialty Platforms: Molly autoinjector series and Bertha high-volume autoinjector platform, engineered to handle high-viscosity and high-volume biological formulations.
• Operational Moat: Extensive vertical integration (tooling, molding, automation), expertise in high-viscosity biological delivery, and scalable CDMO capabilities.

Hanerxi (Suzhou) Healthcare Technology: China-based developer and high-volume manufacturer of specialized medical drug delivery systems and precision injection devices.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Insulin Pen Injectors: P60 (reusable durable format) and CP60 (disposable format) subcutaneous insulin pen platforms.
• GLP-1 & Peptide Pen Injectors: P74/CP74 series (engineered specifically for semaglutide and obesity biologics) and P50/CP50 series (tailored for liraglutide administration).
• Custom Subcutaneous Platforms: Fixed-dose and variable-dose custom pen engines designed for human growth hormone (hGH), GLP-1 analogs, and insulin.

Phillips-Medisize (A Molex Company): Premier global CDMO provider specializing in full-cycle contract engineering, digital health platform integration, and high-volume medical device molding.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• CDMO Pen Platforms: Compact Disposable Pen Injector, a flexible, multi-dose disposable pen hardware platform engineered for automated high-volume assembly across diabetes, obesity, fertility, and hGH markets.
• Smart Injectors & Assembly: Aria Smart Autoinjector platform alongside contract assembly services for connected smart pens and reusable devices.

Jiangsu Delfu Medical Devices Co., Ltd.: China-based enterprise specializing in standard and customized medical injection pen devices and consumables.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Reusable & Disposable Pens: Delfu Reusable Pen Injector (compatible with 1.5mL and 3.0mL ISO standard cartridges), Fixed-Dose Disposable Pen Injectors, and Multi Fixed-Dose Pens.
• Specialized Hardware: Dual Track Smart Injectors, stepping-motor micro-dose injection pens, and custom metal/plastic hybrid pens optimized for insulin, hGH, and peptide therapeutics (semaglutide, tirzepatide).

Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals: Fully integrated biopharmaceutical company specializing in recombinant insulin analogs, metabolic drug discovery, and dedicated injection delivery hardware.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Proprietary Reusable Pens: GanleePen, a durable precision mechanical pen engineered for long-term use with 3mL insulin cartridges.
• Disposable Pens & Consumables: Rapilink disposable pen platforms and GanleeFine ultra-thin pen needles, optimized for the administration of domestic and export biosimilar insulin portfolios (Prandilin, Basalin, Rapilin).

Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceutical: Established biopharmaceutical entity in China focusing on endocrinology, diabetes care products, and primary delivery consumables.

• Portfolio & Product Lines:
• Reusable Pen Injectors: Dongbao Pen (Yibi Pen series), durable reusable pen devices engineered for precise mechanical step increment accuracy.
• Disposable Pens & Consumables: Dongbao Disposable Insulin Pens and Dongbao Sterile Pen Needles, designed for subcutaneous self-administration of recombinant human insulin (YusuLin) and insulin analogs (Glargine, Aspart).

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