The global nuclear decommissioning market was valued at USD 18.50 billion in 2025. It is estimated at USD 19.24 billion in 2026 and is projected to reach USD 30.17 billion by 2036, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% over the 2026-2036 forecast period. The report examines the global shutdown and decommissioning pipeline, the effect of lifetime extensions and restarts, decommissioning technologies, the ecosystem and value chain, regulation and waste policy, cost and funding structures, investment and M&A, competition, and the main opportunities for contractors through 2036.
The study covers the services, technologies, and solutions used to retire nuclear facilities safely at the end of their working lives and free their sites for other uses. In scope are commercial and research reactors, fuel cycle plants for reprocessing, enrichment, and fabrication, and legacy sites owned by governments. Activities include planning and engineering, decontamination, dismantling and demolition, treatment, packaging, transport, and interim storage of radioactive waste, spent fuel handling during decommissioning, and site remediation through to license termination. Building and running deep geological repositories, and operating high-level waste treatment plants at government sites, are left out of the market value. Participants range from decommissioning contractors, engineering and construction groups, waste treatment and recycling firms, and robotics suppliers to utilities, government agencies, regulators, and decommissioning funds.
According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), seven reactors in Russia, China, and Belgium were permanently shut down in 2025, adding to a large backlog of retired facilities, and the U.S., the U.K., and Germany together account for half of all reactor shutdowns to date. According to the U.K. National Audit Office (NAO), decommissioning Sellafield is forecast to cost GBP 136 billion (undiscounted, 2023-24 prices), with GBP 2.7 billion spent in 2023-24 and final building demolition expected by 2125. In Japan, around 880 tons of fuel debris remain inside the three Fukushima Daiichi reactors that melted down in 2011, with clean-up costs put at roughly JPY 23 trillion.
Restarts and life extensions reduce and delay the flow of new projects: Holtec's Palisades plant in Michigan became the first U.S. reactor to return to service from decommissioning in August 2025, Constellation Energy intends to bring the former Three Mile Island Unit 1 back online by 2027 as the Crane Clean Energy Center, backed by a 20-year Microsoft power agreement, and Belgium reversed its phase-out law and agreed to extend Doel 4 and Tihange 3. High costs and schedule risk on complex sites are a further restraint; according to the NAO, emptying four of Sellafield's oldest stores is running up to 13 years late, and TEPCO does not expect full-scale debris removal at Unit 3 before 2037. The absence of final repositories for spent fuel and higher-level waste, uncertain cost estimates for legacy sites, and competition for skilled staff from new-build and restart programs remain key challenges.
Robotics and remote handling for high-radiation work, waste minimization, treatment, and metal recycling, and the purchase of closed plants by specialist decommissioning firms are the main opportunities. EDF's subsidiary Cyclife reported that it has treated 145,000 tonnes of waste over 30 years, and Holtec now handles Oyster Creek, Pilgrim, and Indian Point. Key trends include the shift to immediate dismantling across Europe, new ways of transferring decommissioning and waste liabilities, such as the March 2025 agreement under which Engie will pay the Belgian government a lump sum of EUR 15 billion to hand over waste and spent fuel responsibility, and investment in apprenticeships and in-house skills for multi-decade programs.
By facility type, the market covers power reactors, research reactors, fuel cycle facilities (reprocessing, enrichment, and fuel fabrication), and legacy & government nuclear sites. Legacy & government nuclear sites are expected to hold the largest share in 2026, as programs such as Sellafield involve vast volumes of historic waste, facilities never designed to be emptied, and publicly funded budgets that run for decades. Power reactors are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as reactors shut in Germany, Belgium, Japan, and other countries move from defueling into active dismantling. Fuel cycle facilities add specialized work because of their complex contamination.
By reactor type, the study covers pressurized water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), gas-cooled reactors, pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR), and other types. PWRs are expected to account for the largest share in 2026, reflecting the large number of these units being decommissioned in Germany, France, Belgium, and the U.S., the most common design in the shutdown fleet. BWRs are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, driven by programs in Japan, including Fukushima Daiichi and Daini, and by German BWR units. Gas-cooled reactors are tied mainly to U.K. legacy programs.
By strategy, the market is divided into immediate dismantling, deferred dismantling, and entombment. Immediate dismantling is expected to hold the largest share in 2026 and to grow at the highest CAGR, as operators and regulators in Europe and elsewhere favor starting work soon after shutdown to use the knowledge of existing staff, meet regulator expectations, and cut long-term surveillance costs. Deferred dismantling still applies where owners wait for radioactivity to decay or funds to build up, while entombment is rarely chosen.
By activity, the report covers planning & engineering, decontamination, dismantling & demolition, waste management (waste treatment & conditioning, packaging & transport, and interim storage), spent fuel management, and site remediation & license termination. Waste management is expected to account for the largest share in 2026, since treating, packing, moving, and storing radioactive waste makes up a large part of total decommissioning cost, especially where no final repository exists. Dismantling & demolition is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as recently closed reactors enter the physical dismantling phase. Waste reduction and metal recycling are becoming important ways to control waste costs.
By capacity, the power reactor market is divided into up to 800 MW, 801 MW to 1,000 MW, and above 1,000 MW. Units above 1,000 MW are expected to hold the largest share in 2026, as large reactors in Germany and elsewhere carry the biggest dismantling scopes, waste volumes, and budgets per unit. The 801 MW to 1,000 MW band is expected to grow at the highest CAGR as more units of this size move into dismantling. Smaller units up to 800 MW include many older reactors from early national programs.
By end user, the study covers utilities & plant owners, government agencies & legacy site owners, and research institutions. Government agencies & legacy site owners are expected to represent the largest share in 2026, as they fund the largest and longest programs, including Sellafield and other legacy sites in the U.S., France, and Japan. Utilities & plant owners are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as utilities in Europe and Asia dismantle recently closed reactors. Some utilities are also transferring licenses and liabilities to specialist firms rather than managing work themselves.
Europe is expected to remain the biggest regional market in 2026 because the U.K. leads through legacy site clean-up at Sellafield and other Nuclear Decommissioning Authority sites, Germany is dismantling its entire fleet after the April 2023 phase-out, Belgium closed three reactors in 2025, and EDF is decommissioning nine reactors in France. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Lithuania, and other Central and Eastern European countries also have active programs, and European operators increasingly choose immediate dismantling.
Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, led by Japan's work at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini and at other reactors, together with programs in South Korea and Taiwan; India and China are also analyzed. North America holds a significant share, with U.S. commercial plants being dismantled, several of them by Holtec International, federal legacy clean-up, and activity at Canadian legacy and research sites, although the Palisades restart and the planned return of the Crane Clean Energy Center are likely to slow the arrival of new U.S. projects. Activity in the Rest of the World is comparatively limited.
The market is moderately consolidated, with specialist decommissioning companies, fuel cycle and reactor vendors, utility-owned subsidiaries, engineering and construction groups, government site contractors, and waste and technology providers all competing. Buyers judge suppliers on safety, regulatory record, capability in high-hazard settings, their waste and recycling offerings, cost certainty, and readiness to assume licenses and liabilities. Leading firms are investing in robotics and remote tools, expanding waste treatment and recycling capacity, buying closed plants and service businesses, forming joint ventures for large programs, and securing long-term government contracts. Holtec's acquisition of plants for decommissioning, including Palisades in 2022 before its restart, shows how the liability transfer model is reshaping the field.
Key companies profiled in the report include EnergySolutions (U.S.), Holtec International (U.S.), Orano (France), Électricité de France S.A. (Cyclife) (France), Westinghouse Electric Company LLC (U.S.), Framatome (France), Amentum Holdings, Inc. (U.S.), BWX Technologies, Inc. (U.S.), Bechtel Corporation (U.S.), Fluor Corporation (U.S.), AtkinsRéalis Group Inc. (Canada), Babcock International Group PLC (Cavendish Nuclear) (U.K.), Studsvik AB (Sweden), GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbH (Germany), NUKEM Technologies Engineering Services GmbH (Germany), Nuvia (France), Veolia Nuclear Solutions (U.S.), and Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan).
The study covers the services, technologies, and solutions used to retire nuclear facilities safely at the end of their working lives and free their sites for other uses. In scope are commercial and research reactors, fuel cycle plants for reprocessing, enrichment, and fabrication, and legacy sites owned by governments. Activities include planning and engineering, decontamination, dismantling and demolition, treatment, packaging, transport, and interim storage of radioactive waste, spent fuel handling during decommissioning, and site remediation through to license termination. Building and running deep geological repositories, and operating high-level waste treatment plants at government sites, are left out of the market value. Participants range from decommissioning contractors, engineering and construction groups, waste treatment and recycling firms, and robotics suppliers to utilities, government agencies, regulators, and decommissioning funds.
According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), seven reactors in Russia, China, and Belgium were permanently shut down in 2025, adding to a large backlog of retired facilities, and the U.S., the U.K., and Germany together account for half of all reactor shutdowns to date. According to the U.K. National Audit Office (NAO), decommissioning Sellafield is forecast to cost GBP 136 billion (undiscounted, 2023-24 prices), with GBP 2.7 billion spent in 2023-24 and final building demolition expected by 2125. In Japan, around 880 tons of fuel debris remain inside the three Fukushima Daiichi reactors that melted down in 2011, with clean-up costs put at roughly JPY 23 trillion.
Market Dynamics
A steady rise in permanently closed reactors is the main driver, as each shutdown starts years of defueling, decontamination, dismantling, and waste work. Germany closed Isar 2, Emsland, and Neckarwestheim 2 in April 2023 and faces a dismantling period of 10 to 15 years, while Belgium shut Doel 1, Doel 2, and Tihange 1 in 2025, while EDF is decommissioning nine reactors of four different technologies in France. Publicly funded legacy clean-up in Japan, France, the U.S., and the U.K. offers stable, multi-decade demand that does not depend on power markets. Fukushima Daiichi and other Japanese plants form one of the most complex programs worldwide, with TEPCO putting the cost of dismantling the four Fukushima Daini units at JPY 282.3 billion before reprocessing. A growing preference for immediate dismantling, as Engie chose for Tihange 1, also brings spending forward.Restarts and life extensions reduce and delay the flow of new projects: Holtec's Palisades plant in Michigan became the first U.S. reactor to return to service from decommissioning in August 2025, Constellation Energy intends to bring the former Three Mile Island Unit 1 back online by 2027 as the Crane Clean Energy Center, backed by a 20-year Microsoft power agreement, and Belgium reversed its phase-out law and agreed to extend Doel 4 and Tihange 3. High costs and schedule risk on complex sites are a further restraint; according to the NAO, emptying four of Sellafield's oldest stores is running up to 13 years late, and TEPCO does not expect full-scale debris removal at Unit 3 before 2037. The absence of final repositories for spent fuel and higher-level waste, uncertain cost estimates for legacy sites, and competition for skilled staff from new-build and restart programs remain key challenges.
Robotics and remote handling for high-radiation work, waste minimization, treatment, and metal recycling, and the purchase of closed plants by specialist decommissioning firms are the main opportunities. EDF's subsidiary Cyclife reported that it has treated 145,000 tonnes of waste over 30 years, and Holtec now handles Oyster Creek, Pilgrim, and Indian Point. Key trends include the shift to immediate dismantling across Europe, new ways of transferring decommissioning and waste liabilities, such as the March 2025 agreement under which Engie will pay the Belgian government a lump sum of EUR 15 billion to hand over waste and spent fuel responsibility, and investment in apprenticeships and in-house skills for multi-decade programs.
Segment Analysis
The report analyzes the market by facility type, reactor type, strategy, activity, capacity, end user, and geography, helping stakeholders identify where decommissioning spending is concentrated and where it will grow.By facility type, the market covers power reactors, research reactors, fuel cycle facilities (reprocessing, enrichment, and fuel fabrication), and legacy & government nuclear sites. Legacy & government nuclear sites are expected to hold the largest share in 2026, as programs such as Sellafield involve vast volumes of historic waste, facilities never designed to be emptied, and publicly funded budgets that run for decades. Power reactors are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as reactors shut in Germany, Belgium, Japan, and other countries move from defueling into active dismantling. Fuel cycle facilities add specialized work because of their complex contamination.
By reactor type, the study covers pressurized water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), gas-cooled reactors, pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR), and other types. PWRs are expected to account for the largest share in 2026, reflecting the large number of these units being decommissioned in Germany, France, Belgium, and the U.S., the most common design in the shutdown fleet. BWRs are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, driven by programs in Japan, including Fukushima Daiichi and Daini, and by German BWR units. Gas-cooled reactors are tied mainly to U.K. legacy programs.
By strategy, the market is divided into immediate dismantling, deferred dismantling, and entombment. Immediate dismantling is expected to hold the largest share in 2026 and to grow at the highest CAGR, as operators and regulators in Europe and elsewhere favor starting work soon after shutdown to use the knowledge of existing staff, meet regulator expectations, and cut long-term surveillance costs. Deferred dismantling still applies where owners wait for radioactivity to decay or funds to build up, while entombment is rarely chosen.
By activity, the report covers planning & engineering, decontamination, dismantling & demolition, waste management (waste treatment & conditioning, packaging & transport, and interim storage), spent fuel management, and site remediation & license termination. Waste management is expected to account for the largest share in 2026, since treating, packing, moving, and storing radioactive waste makes up a large part of total decommissioning cost, especially where no final repository exists. Dismantling & demolition is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as recently closed reactors enter the physical dismantling phase. Waste reduction and metal recycling are becoming important ways to control waste costs.
By capacity, the power reactor market is divided into up to 800 MW, 801 MW to 1,000 MW, and above 1,000 MW. Units above 1,000 MW are expected to hold the largest share in 2026, as large reactors in Germany and elsewhere carry the biggest dismantling scopes, waste volumes, and budgets per unit. The 801 MW to 1,000 MW band is expected to grow at the highest CAGR as more units of this size move into dismantling. Smaller units up to 800 MW include many older reactors from early national programs.
By end user, the study covers utilities & plant owners, government agencies & legacy site owners, and research institutions. Government agencies & legacy site owners are expected to represent the largest share in 2026, as they fund the largest and longest programs, including Sellafield and other legacy sites in the U.S., France, and Japan. Utilities & plant owners are expected to grow at the highest CAGR, as utilities in Europe and Asia dismantle recently closed reactors. Some utilities are also transferring licenses and liabilities to specialist firms rather than managing work themselves.
Regional Analysis
The report covers Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World, with analysis of 16 countries and two rest-of-region groups. The regional analysis considers shutdown inventories, legacy site programs, national phase-out and extension policies, funding mechanisms, and waste disposal routes.Europe is expected to remain the biggest regional market in 2026 because the U.K. leads through legacy site clean-up at Sellafield and other Nuclear Decommissioning Authority sites, Germany is dismantling its entire fleet after the April 2023 phase-out, Belgium closed three reactors in 2025, and EDF is decommissioning nine reactors in France. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Lithuania, and other Central and Eastern European countries also have active programs, and European operators increasingly choose immediate dismantling.
Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, led by Japan's work at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini and at other reactors, together with programs in South Korea and Taiwan; India and China are also analyzed. North America holds a significant share, with U.S. commercial plants being dismantled, several of them by Holtec International, federal legacy clean-up, and activity at Canadian legacy and research sites, although the Palisades restart and the planned return of the Crane Clean Energy Center are likely to slow the arrival of new U.S. projects. Activity in the Rest of the World is comparatively limited.
Competitive Landscape
The report reviews key growth strategies, competitive benchmarking, a competitive dashboard that groups companies as industry leaders, market differentiators, vanguards, and emerging companies, and a 2025 market share/rank analysis. Company profiles cover business overview, financial performance, product and service portfolio, strategic developments, and SWOT analysis.The market is moderately consolidated, with specialist decommissioning companies, fuel cycle and reactor vendors, utility-owned subsidiaries, engineering and construction groups, government site contractors, and waste and technology providers all competing. Buyers judge suppliers on safety, regulatory record, capability in high-hazard settings, their waste and recycling offerings, cost certainty, and readiness to assume licenses and liabilities. Leading firms are investing in robotics and remote tools, expanding waste treatment and recycling capacity, buying closed plants and service businesses, forming joint ventures for large programs, and securing long-term government contracts. Holtec's acquisition of plants for decommissioning, including Palisades in 2022 before its restart, shows how the liability transfer model is reshaping the field.
Key companies profiled in the report include EnergySolutions (U.S.), Holtec International (U.S.), Orano (France), Électricité de France S.A. (Cyclife) (France), Westinghouse Electric Company LLC (U.S.), Framatome (France), Amentum Holdings, Inc. (U.S.), BWX Technologies, Inc. (U.S.), Bechtel Corporation (U.S.), Fluor Corporation (U.S.), AtkinsRéalis Group Inc. (Canada), Babcock International Group PLC (Cavendish Nuclear) (U.K.), Studsvik AB (Sweden), GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbH (Germany), NUKEM Technologies Engineering Services GmbH (Germany), Nuvia (France), Veolia Nuclear Solutions (U.S.), and Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan).
How This Report Helps
- Provides reliable market size estimates and long-term forecasts for the global nuclear decommissioning market through 2036.
- Explains how reactor shutdowns, legacy site programs, and Fukushima Daiichi are shaping decommissioning demand.
- Assesses the impact of reactor restarts, lifetime extensions, cost overruns, and missing disposal routes on the project pipeline.
- Tracks shutdown inventories and expected closures by country, along with decommissioning funds and liability transfer structures.
- Identifies high-growth opportunities across facility type, reactor type, strategy, activity, capacity, end user, and region.
- Reviews technologies such as robotics and remote handling, characterization, cutting and segmentation, decontamination, and metal recycling.
- Supports bid strategy, partnership, acquisition, and investment decisions for contractors, technology providers, plant owners, and investors.
Key Questions Answered
- How large is the global nuclear decommissioning market today, and how will it grow through 2036?
- What are the main drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and trends shaping the market?
- How many reactors are in or entering decommissioning, and how will restarts and life extensions change the pipeline?
- How are legacy programs such as Sellafield and Fukushima Daiichi affecting long-term spending?
- Which facility type, reactor type, strategy, activity, capacity, and end user segments will grow the fastest?
- How are liability transfer models and specialist plant acquisitions changing who manages decommissioning?
- Which regions and countries offer the most attractive opportunities for contractors?
- Who are the leading companies in the market, and how do they compare?
- What acquisitions, contracts, and technology investments are shaping competition?
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
4. Market Overview
5. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Facility Type
6. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Reactor Type
7. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Strategy
8. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Activity
9. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Capacity
10. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by End User
11. Nuclear Decommissioning Market, by Geography
12. Competitive Landscape
13. Company Profiles
14. Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Companies Mentioned
- EnergySolutions
- Holtec International
- Orano
- Électricité de France S.A.
- Westinghouse Electric Company LLC
- Framatome
- Amentum Holdings, Inc.
- BWX Technologies, Inc.
- Bechtel Corporation
- Fluor Corporation
- AtkinsRéalis Group Inc.
- Babcock International Group PLC
- Studsvik AB
- GNS Gesellschaft für Nuklear-Service mbH
- NUKEM Technologies Engineering Services GmbH
- Nuvia
- Veolia Nuclear Solutions
- Hitachi, Ltd.
