Elevator and Escalator Market in APAC 2023-2027

1.1 Market overview

• Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
• Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
• Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
• Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
• Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Exhibit 09: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2.1 Market ecosystem

• Exhibit 10: Parent market
• Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics

3.1 Market definition

• Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition

3.2 Market segment analysis

• Exhibit 13: Market segments

3.3 Market size 2022
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2022-2027

• Exhibit 14: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 15: Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 16: Chart on APAC: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 17: Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)

4.1 Elevator and escalator market in APAC 2017 - 2021

• Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on elevator and escalator market in APAC 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)

4.2 End-user Segment Analysis 2017 - 2021

• Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)

4.3 Product Segment Analysis 2017 - 2021

• Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)

4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2017 - 2021

• Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)

5.1 Five forces summary

• Exhibit 22: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2022 and 2027

5.2 Bargaining power of buyers

• Exhibit 23: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027

5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers

• Exhibit 24: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027

5.4 Threat of new entrants

• Exhibit 25: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027

5.5 Threat of substitutes

• Exhibit 26: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027

5.6 Threat of rivalry

• Exhibit 27: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027

5.7 Market condition

• Exhibit 28: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2022 and 2027

6.1 Market segments

• Exhibit 29: Chart on End-user - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 30: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2022-2027 (%)

6.2 Comparison by End-user

• Exhibit 31: Chart on Comparison by End-user
• Exhibit 32: Data Table on Comparison by End-user

6.3 Residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 33: Chart on Residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 34: Data Table on Residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 35: Chart on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 36: Data Table on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

6.4 Non-residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 37: Chart on Non-residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 38: Data Table on Non-residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 39: Chart on Non-residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 40: Data Table on Non-residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

6.5 Market opportunity by End-user

• Exhibit 41: Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
• Exhibit 42: Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)

7.1 Market segments

• Exhibit 43: Chart on Product - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 44: Data Table on Product - Market share 2022-2027 (%)

7.2 Comparison by Product

• Exhibit 45: Chart on Comparison by Product
• Exhibit 46: Data Table on Comparison by Product

7.3 Elevator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 47: Chart on Elevator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 48: Data Table on Elevator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 49: Chart on Elevator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 50: Data Table on Elevator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

7.4 Escalator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 51: Chart on Escalator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 52: Data Table on Escalator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 53: Chart on Escalator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 54: Data Table on Escalator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

7.5 Market opportunity by Product

• Exhibit 55: Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
• Exhibit 56: Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)

8.1 Customer landscape overview

• Exhibit 57: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9.1 Geographic segmentation

• Exhibit 58: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape - 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 59: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape - 2022-2027 (%)

9.2 Geographic comparison

• Exhibit 60: Chart on Geographic comparison
• Exhibit 61: Data Table on Geographic comparison

9.3 China - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 62: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 63: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 64: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 65: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

9.4 Japan - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 66: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 67: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 68: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 69: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

9.5 Australia - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 70: Chart on Australia - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 71: Data Table on Australia - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 72: Chart on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 73: Data Table on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

9.6 India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 74: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 75: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 76: Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 77: Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

9.7 Rest of APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027

• Exhibit 78: Chart on Rest of APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 79: Data Table on Rest of APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
• Exhibit 80: Chart on Rest of APAC - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
• Exhibit 81: Data Table on Rest of APAC - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)

9.8 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape

• Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
• Exhibit 83: Data Table on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)

10.1 Market drivers
10.2 Market challenges
10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges

• Exhibit 84: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027

10.4 Market trends

11.1 Overview
11.2 Vendor landscape

• Exhibit 85: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation

11.3 Landscape disruption

• Exhibit 86: Overview on factors of disruption

11.4 Industry risks

• Exhibit 87: Impact of key risks on business

12.1 Vendors covered

• Exhibit 88: Vendors covered

12.2 Market positioning of vendors

• Exhibit 89: Matrix on vendor position and classification

12.3 Fujitec Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 90: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 91: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 92: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 93: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Segment focus

12.4 Hitachi Ltd.

• Exhibit 94: Hitachi Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 95: Hitachi Ltd. - Business segments
• Exhibit 96: Hitachi Ltd. - Key news
• Exhibit 97: Hitachi Ltd. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 98: Hitachi Ltd. - Segment focus

12.5 Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 99: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 100: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 101: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.6 IFE Elevators Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 102: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 103: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 104: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.7 KONE Corp.

• Exhibit 105: KONE Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 106: KONE Corp. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 107: KONE Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 108: KONE Corp. - Key offerings

12.8 Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

• Exhibit 109: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 110: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 111: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 112: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 113: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Segment focus

12.9 Otis Worldwide Corp.

• Exhibit 114: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 115: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 116: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 117: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 118: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Segment focus

12.10 Schindler Holding Ltd.

• Exhibit 119: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 120: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 121: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Key news
• Exhibit 122: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Key offerings

12.11 Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 123: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 124: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 125: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.12 Sigma Elevator Co.

• Exhibit 126: Sigma Elevator Co. - Overview
• Exhibit 127: Sigma Elevator Co. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 128: Sigma Elevator Co. - Key offerings

12.13 Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 129: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 130: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 131: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.14 Syney Electric Co. Ltd.

• Exhibit 132: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 133: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 134: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.15 thyssenkrupp AG

• Exhibit 135: thyssenkrupp AG - Overview
• Exhibit 136: thyssenkrupp AG - Business segments
• Exhibit 137: thyssenkrupp AG - Key offerings
• Exhibit 138: thyssenkrupp AG - Segment focus

12.16 Toshiba Corp.

• Exhibit 139: Toshiba Corp. - Overview
• Exhibit 140: Toshiba Corp. - Business segments
• Exhibit 141: Toshiba Corp. - Key news
• Exhibit 142: Toshiba Corp. - Key offerings
• Exhibit 143: Toshiba Corp. - Segment focus

12.17 Yuanda China Holdings Ltd.

• Exhibit 144: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Overview
• Exhibit 145: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Product / Service
• Exhibit 146: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Key offerings

13.1 Scope of the report
13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist

• Exhibit 147: Inclusions checklist
• Exhibit 148: Exclusions checklist

13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$

• Exhibit 149: Currency conversion rates for US$

13.4 Research methodology

• Exhibit 150: Research methodology
• Exhibit 151: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
• Exhibit 152: Information sources

13.5 List of abbreviations

• Exhibit 153: List of abbreviations

Exhibit 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibit 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibit 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Exhibit 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
Exhibit 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
Exhibit 7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 9: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibit 10: Parent market
Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics
Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibit 13: Market segments
Exhibit 14: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 15: Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 16: Chart on APAC: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 17: Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on elevator and escalator market in APAC 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)
Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)
Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)
Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2017 - 2021 ($ billion)
Exhibit 22: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 23: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 24: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 25: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 26: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 27: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 28: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 29: Chart on End-user - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 30: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 31: Chart on Comparison by End-user
Exhibit 32: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
Exhibit 33: Chart on Residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 34: Data Table on Residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 35: Chart on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 36: Data Table on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 37: Chart on Non-residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 38: Data Table on Non-residential - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 39: Chart on Non-residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 40: Data Table on Non-residential - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 41: Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
Exhibit 42: Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
Exhibit 43: Chart on Product - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 44: Data Table on Product - Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 45: Chart on Comparison by Product
Exhibit 46: Data Table on Comparison by Product
Exhibit 47: Chart on Elevator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 48: Data Table on Elevator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 49: Chart on Elevator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 50: Data Table on Elevator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 51: Chart on Escalator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 52: Data Table on Escalator - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 53: Chart on Escalator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 54: Data Table on Escalator - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 55: Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
Exhibit 56: Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
Exhibit 57: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibit 58: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape - 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 59: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape - 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 60: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibit 61: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibit 62: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 63: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 64: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 65: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 66: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 67: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 68: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 69: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 70: Chart on Australia - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 71: Data Table on Australia - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 72: Chart on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 73: Data Table on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 74: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 75: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 76: Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 77: Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 78: Chart on Rest of APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 79: Data Table on Rest of APAC - Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ billion)
Exhibit 80: Chart on Rest of APAC - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 81: Data Table on Rest of APAC - Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibit 83: Data Table on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibit 84: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027
Exhibit 85: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibit 86: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibit 87: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibit 88: Vendors covered
Exhibit 89: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibit 90: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 91: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 92: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 93: Fujitec Co. Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibit 94: Hitachi Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 95: Hitachi Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 96: Hitachi Ltd. - Key news
Exhibit 97: Hitachi Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 98: Hitachi Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibit 99: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 100: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 101: Hyundai Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 102: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 103: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 104: IFE Elevators Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 105: KONE Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 106: KONE Corp. - Product / Service
Exhibit 107: KONE Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 108: KONE Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 109: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 110: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 111: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 112: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 113: Mitsubishi Electric Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibit 114: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 115: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 116: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 117: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 118: Otis Worldwide Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibit 119: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 120: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 121: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Key news
Exhibit 122: Schindler Holding Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 123: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 124: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 125: Sicher Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 126: Sigma Elevator Co. - Overview
Exhibit 127: Sigma Elevator Co. - Product / Service
Exhibit 128: Sigma Elevator Co. - Key offerings
Exhibit 129: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 130: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 131: Suzhou Diao Elevator Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 132: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 133: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 134: Syney Electric Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 135: thyssenkrupp AG - Overview
Exhibit 136: thyssenkrupp AG - Business segments
Exhibit 137: thyssenkrupp AG - Key offerings
Exhibit 138: thyssenkrupp AG - Segment focus
Exhibit 139: Toshiba Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 140: Toshiba Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 141: Toshiba Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 142: Toshiba Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 143: Toshiba Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibit 144: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 145: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 146: Yuanda China Holdings Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 147: Inclusions checklist
Exhibit 148: Exclusions checklist
Exhibit 149: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibit 150: Research methodology
Exhibit 151: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibit 152: Information sources
Exhibit 153: List of abbreviations