Table of Contents
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Contributors xxiii
Section I: Making of a Wheat Plant 3
1 Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement 5
Summary 5
Introduction 5
Wheat domestication and human civilization 6
Wheat cultivation 7
Origin, domestication, and evolution of wheat 8
Genome evolution and modification 16
Mechanisms for chromosome evolution 18
The potential of wild emmer in wheat improvement 21
Concluding remarks on the process of wheat evolution 22
Future perspectives 23
References 23
2 Development of the wheat plant 31
Summary 31
Introduction 31
Scales of plant development 323
Morphological naming schemes 34
Shoot development 35
Environmental factors influencing shoot development 42
Digital technologies for wheat development 47
Linking molecular biology and functional genomics to development 49
Future perspectives 50
References 50
3 The flowering pathway in wheat 57
Summary 57
Overview of flowering induction in wheat 57
Genetic locations of flowering time genes 58
Positional cloning of flowering time genes in wheat 61
Comparative studies on flowering pathways in plants 65
Future perspectives 67
References 68
Section II: Making of a Wheat Crop 73
4 Systems-based wheat management strategies 75
Summary 75
Introduction 75
Advances in wheat management 75
Dual-purpose wheat 79
No-till wheat production 82
Future perspectives 84
References 86
5 Diseases which challenge global wheat production - the wheat rusts 89
Summary 89
Introduction 90
Wheat leaf rust 90
Wheat stripe rust 102
Wheat stem rust 109
Future perspectives 116
References 117
6 Diseases which challenge global wheat production - root, crown, and culm rots 125
Summary 125
Introduction 125
Common root rot 126
Fusarium crown rot 129
Pythium root rot 131
Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch 134
Take-all 136
Cephalosporium stripe 139
Eyespot 141
Future perspectives 142
References 144
7 Diseases which challenge global wheat production - powdery mildew and leaf and head blights 155
Summary 155
Introduction 155
Powdery mildew 156
Stagonospora nodorum blotch 157
Septoria tritici blotch 158
Tan spot 159
Fusarium head blight 160
Management of residue-borne diseases 161
Future perspectives 163
References 164
8 Nematodes which challenge global wheat production 171
Summary 171
Introduction 171
Cereal cyst nematode 172
Root-lesion nematode 177
Future perspectives 182
References 183
9 Insects which challenge global wheat production 189
Summary 189
Hessian fly 189
Bird cherry–oat aphid 192
Greenbug 194
Russian wheat aphid 196
Future perspectives 198
References 199
10 Temporally and spatially dependent nitrogen management for diverse environments 203
Summary 203
Introduction 203
Nitrogen-use efficiency as a driver of new technology 204
Case study: What defines diverse environments 205
Is nitrogen needed 206
Nutrient deficiencies other than N 209
Prediction of yield potential 209
Prediction of N responsiveness independent of yield potential 210
Midseason N applications can result in maximum yields 210
Determination of midseason N rate 211
“Ramp” method of determining midseason N rate 212
Future perspectives 213
References 213
11 Grain yield improvement in water-limited environments 215
Summary 215
Introduction 215
Climate and crop growth 216 Water-limited yield potential 218
Characterizing target environments 219
Breeding for improved performance under drought 221
Breeding tools 224
Defining the breeding target 231
Future perspectives 243
References 243
12 Cutting down on weeds to cut a cleaner wheat crop 251
Summary 251
Impact of weeds on wheat 252
Controlling weeds with integrated weed management systems 256
Weed spatial variation and precision farming 263
Putting it all together: Examples of effective systems 264
Future perspectives 268
References 268
Section III: Making of a Wheat Cultivar 273
13 Wheat breeding: Procedures and strategies 275
Summary 275
Brief history of wheat breeding 276
The context of applied wheat breeding 277
Accessing genetic resources 277
Methods to generate genetic variation 279
Methods to assess genetic variation 284
Methods of selecting while inbreeding to develop a cultivar 285
Major issues all wheat breeders face 293
The practice of wheat breeding 296
Breeding hybrid wheat 300
Importance of technology 301
Future perspectives 301
Webliography 303
References 304
14 State of QTL detection and marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement 309
Summary 309
Introduction 309
Breeding by visual selection 310
Complex traits and gene pyramiding 311
Genetic mapping 311
Early progress and developments 313
Current progress in QTL analysis and deployment of MAS 316
Complex traits 319
Future developments and uses of QTL analysis and mapping 320
Future perspectives 321
References 322
15 Genome organization and comparative genomics 327
Summary 327
Mapping 328
Comparative genetics 330
Map-based cloning 335
Physical mapping in hexaploid wheat 342
Organization and evolution of the wheat genome 349
Toward sequencing the wheat genome 353
Future perspectives 357
References 359
16 Synthetic wheat - an emerging genetic resource 369
Summary 369
Introduction 369
Primary synthetic hexaploid wheat 371
Strategies for using primary synthetics in applied wheat breeding 377
Performance of derived synthetics 378
Future perspectives 380
References 381
17 Success in wheat improvement 387
World yield gains 387
Genetic component of grain yield improvement 388
Empirical estimation of genetic gain 389
Wheat yield gains in light of other crops 392
Future perspectives 393
References 394
18 Transgenic applications in wheat improvement 397
Summary 397
Introduction 398
Wheat transformation: Methods and results 398
Applications of wheat transformation 404
Limitations of wheat transformation technology 418
Future perspectives 424
References 426
Section IV: Making of a Wheat Industry 437
19 Overview of wheat classification and trade 439
Summary 439
Introduction 439
World production 439
Global wheat trade 440
Fundamental wheat classification criteria 444
US system of wheat classification 444
Canadian system of classification and marketing 449
Australian system of classification and marketing 450
Purchasing decision making 450
Grain exchanges 451
Future perspectives 453
References 454
20 Passing the test on wheat end-use quality 455
Summary 455
Introduction 455
Characteristics of major wheat-based foods 457
Compositional analysis and grain testing 465
Starch and flour properties 472
Solvent retention capacity 475
Dough testing and prediction of dough properties 476
End-product testing 482
Emerging opportunities 483
Future perpectives 485
References 486
21 The biochemical and molecular basis of wheat quality 495
Summary 495
Introduction 496
Diversity of wheat utilization 496
Processing specifications for wheat utilization 499
Protein composition and wheat quality 500
Lipid composition and wheat quality 506
Starch composition and wheat quality 509
Nonstarch polysaccharide composition and wheat quality 512
Flour color and wheat quality 513
Enzymes and wheat quality 514
Selection for wheat quality in breeding 516
Future perspectives 516
References 517
22 New uses for wheat and modified wheat products 521
Summary 521
Introduction 521
White wheat 523
Low polyphenol oxidase wheat 526
Altered starch 527
Wheat phytochemicals 532
Industrial wheat 538
Future perspectives 543
References 544
23 US wheat marketing system and price discovery 551
Summary 551
Introduction 551
Marketing system 551
Physical flow of wheat 555
Cash prices 555
Quality discounts and premiums 556
Future perspectives 556
Reference 556
Index 557
