A close examination of current research on abiotic stresses in various plant species
The unpredictable environmental stress conditions associated with climate change are significant challenges to global food security, crop productivity, and agricultural sustainability. Rapid population growth and diminishing resources necessitate the development of crops that can adapt to environmental extremities. Although significant advancements have been made in developing plants through improved crop breeding practices and genetic manipulation, further research is necessary to understand how genes and metabolites for stress tolerance are modulated, and how cross-talk and regulators can be tuned to achieve stress tolerance.
Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress: Biology and Biotechnology is an extensive investigation of the various forms of abiotic stresses encountered in plants, and susceptibility or tolerance mechanisms found in different plant species. In-depth examination of morphological, anatomical, biochemical, molecular and gene expression levels enables plant scientists to identify the different pathways and signaling cascades involved in stress response. This timely book:
- Covers a wide range of abiotic stresses in multiple plant species
- Provides researchers and scientists with transgenic strategies to overcome stress tolerances in several plant species
- Compiles the most recent research and up-to-date data on stress tolerance
- Examines both selective breeding and genetic engineering approaches to improving plant stress tolerances
- Written and edited by prominent scientists and researchers from across the globe
Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress: Biology and Biotechnology is a valuable source of information for students, academics, scientists, researchers, and industry professionals in fields including agriculture, botany, molecular biology, biochemistry and biotechnology, and plant physiology.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xv
1 Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stress: Translating Research from Lab to Land 1
P. Suprasanna and S. B. Ghag
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Drought Tolerance 3
1.3 Cold Tolerance 10
1.4 Salinity Tolerance 12
1.5 Need for More Translational Research 16
1.6 Conclusion 17
References 17
2 Morphological and Anatomical Modifications of Plants for Environmental Stresses 29
Chanda Bano, Nimisha Amist, and N. B. Singh
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Drought-induced Adaptations 32
2.3 Cold-induced Adaptations 33
2.4 High Temperature-induced Adaptations 34
2.5 UV-B-induced Morphogenic Responses 35
2.6 Heavy Metal-induced Adaptations 35
2.7 Roles of Auxin, Ethylene, and ROS 36
2.8 Conclusion 37
References 38
3 Stomatal Regulation as a Drought-tolerance Mechanism 45
Shokoofeh Hajihashemi
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Stomatal Morphology 46
3.3 Stomatal Movement Mechanism 47
3.4 Drought Stress Sensing 48
3.5 Drought Stress Signaling Pathways 48
3.5.1 Hydraulic Signaling 49
3.5.2 Chemical Signaling 49
3.5.2.1 Plant Hormones 49
3.5.3 Nonhormonal Molecules 52
3.5.3.1 Role of CO2 Molecule in Response to Drought Stress 52
3.5.3.2 Role of Ca2+ Molecules in Response to Drought Stress 53
3.5.3.3 Protein Kinase Involved in Osmotic Stress Signaling Pathway 53
3.5.3.4 Phospholipid Role in Signal Transduction in Response to Drought Stress 53
3.6 Mechanisms of Plant Response to Stress 54
3.7 Stomatal Density Variation in Response to Stress 56
3.8 Conclusion 56
References 57
4 Antioxidative Machinery for Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress 65
Nimisha Amist, Chanda Bano, and N. B. Singh
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 66
4.2.1 Types of Reactive Oxygen Species 67
4.2.1.1 Superoxide Radical (O2⋅−) 67
4.2.1.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2) 68
4.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 69
4.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH⋅) 69
4.2.2 Sites of ROS Generation 69
4.2.2.1 Chloroplasts 70
4.2.2.2 Peroxisomes 70
4.2.2.3 Mitochondria 70
4.2.3 ROS and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules 71
4.2.4 Role of ROS as Messengers 73
4.3 Antioxidative Defense System in Plants 74
4.3.1 Nonenzymatic Components of the Antioxidative Defense System 74
4.3.1.1 Ascorbate 74
4.3.1.2 Glutathione 75
4.3.1.3 Tocopherols 75
4.3.1.4 Carotenoids 76
4.3.1.5 Phenolics 76
4.3.2 Enzymatic Components 76
4.3.2.1 Superoxide Dismutases 77
4.3.2.2 Catalases 77
4.3.2.3 Peroxidases 77
4.3.2.4 Enzymes of the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle 78
4.3.2.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 79
4.3.2.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase 79
4.3.2.7 Glutathione Reductase 79
4.4 Redox Homeostasis in Plants 80
4.5 Conclusion 81
References 81
5 Osmolytes and their Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 91
Abhimanyu Jogawat
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Osmolyte Accumulation is a Universally Conserved Quick Response During Abiotic Stress 92
5.3 Osmolytes Minimize Toxic Effects of Abiotic Stresses in Plants 93
5.4 Stress Signaling Pathways Regulate Osmolyte Accumulation Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 94
5.5 Metabolic Pathway Engineering of Osmolyte Biosynthesis Can Generate Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Crop Plants 95
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 97
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
6 Elicitor-mediated Amelioration of Abiotic Stress in Plants 105
Nilanjan Chakraborty, Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Plant Hormones and Other Elicitor-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 106
6.3 PGPR-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 109
6.4 Signaling Role of Nitric Oxide in Abiotic Stresses 109
6.5 Future Goals 114
6.6 Conclusion 114
References 115
7 Role of Selenium in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses: Phenological and Molecular Aspects 123
Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 Se Bioaccumulation and Metabolism in Plants 124
7.3 Physiological Roles of Se 125
7.3.1 Seas Plant Growth Promoters 125
7.3.2 The Antioxidant Properties of Se 125
7.4 Se Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses in Plants 126
7.4.1 Se and Salt Stress 126
7.4.2 Se and Drought Stress 127
7.4.3 Se Counteracting Low-temperature Stress 128
7.4.4 Se Ameliorating the Effects of UV-B Irradiation 128
7.4.5 Se and Heavy Metal Stress 129
7.5 Conclusion 129
7.6 Future Perspectives 130
References 130
8 Polyamines Ameliorate Oxidative Stress by Regulating Antioxidant Systems and Interacting with Plant Growth Regulators 135
Prabal Das, Aditya Banerjee, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 PAs as Cellular Antioxidants 136
8.2.1 PAs Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species 136
8.2.2 The Co-operative Biosynthesis of PAs and Proline 137
8.3 The Relationship Between PAs and Growth Regulators 137
8.3.1 Brassinosteroids and PAs 137
8.3.2 Ethylene and PAs 137
8.3.3 Salicylic Acid and PAs 138
8.3.4 Abscisic Acid and PAs 138
8.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 139
Acknowledgments 140
References 140
9 Abscisic Acid in Abiotic Stress-responsive Gene Expression 145
Liliane Souza Conceição Tavares, Sávio Pinho dos Reis, Deyvid Novaes Marques, Eraldo José Madureira Tavares, Solange da Cunha Ferreira, Francinilson Meireles Coelho, and Cláudia Regina Batista de Souza
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Deep Evolutionary Roots 146
9.3 ABA Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism 151
9.4 ABA Perception and Signaling 153
9.5 ABA Regulation of Gene Expression 154
9.5.1 Cis-regulatory Elements 155
9.5.2 Transcription Factors Involved in the ABA-Mediated Abiotic Stress Response 156
9.5.2.1 bZIP Family 157
9.5.2.2 MYC and MYB 157
9.5.2.3 NAC Family 159
9.5.2.4 AP2/ERF Family 160
9.5.2.5 Zinc Finger Family 162
9.6 Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Control in Regulating ABA Response 164
9.7 Epigenetic Regulation of ABA Response 167
9.8 Conclusion 168
References 169
10 Abiotic StressManagement in Plants: Role of Ethylene 185
Anket Sharma, Vinod Kumar, Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu, Rakesh Kumar, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli, Poonam Yadav, Dhriti Kapoor, Aditi Shreeya Bali, Babar Shahzad, Kanika Khanna, Sandeep Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Thukral, and Renu Bhardwaj
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Ethylene: Abundance, Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Functions 186
10.3 Abiotic Stress and Ethylene Biosynthesis 187
10.4 Role of Ethylene in Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stress 188
10.5 Role of Ethylene on ROS and Antioxidative System Under Abiotic Stress 194
10.6 Conclusion 196
References 196
11 Crosstalk Among Phytohormone Signaling Pathways During Abiotic Stress 209
Abhimanyu Jogawat
11.1 Introduction 209
11.2 Phytohormone Crosstalk Phenomenon and its Necessity 210
11.3 Various Phytohormonal Crosstalk Under Abiotic Stresses for Improving Stress Tolerance 210
11.3.1 Crosstalk Between ABA and GA 210
11.3.2 Crosstalk Between GA and ET 211
11.3.3 Crosstalk Between ABA and ET 211
11.3.4 Crosstalk Between ABA and Auxins 212
11.3.5 Crosstalk Between ET and Auxins 213
11.3.6 Crosstalk Between ABA and CTs 213
11.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 213
Acknowledgements 215
References 215
12 PlantMolecular Chaperones: Structural Organization and their Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 221
Roshan Kumar Singh, Varsha Gupta, and Manoj Prasad
12.1 Introduction 221
12.2 Classification of Plant HSPs 223
12.2.1 Structure and Functions of sHSP Family 223
12.2.2 Structure and Functions of HSP60 Family 224
12.2.3 Structure and Functions of the HSP70 Family 225
12.2.3.1 DnaJ/HSP40 227
12.2.4 Structure and Functions of HSP90 Family 228
12.2.5 Structure and Functions of HSP100 Family 229
12.3 Regulation of HSP Expression in Plants 230
12.4 Crosstalk Between HSP Networks to Provide Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress 231
12.5 Genetic Engineering of HSPs for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 232
12.6 Conclusion 234
Acknowledgements 234
References 234
13 Chloride (Cl−) Uptake, Transport, and Regulation in Plant Salt Tolerance 241
DB Shelke, GC Nikalje, TD Nikam, P Maheshwari, DL Punita, KRSS Rao, PB Kavi Kishor, and P. Suprasanna
13.1 Introduction 241
13.2 Sources of Cl− Ion Contamination 242
13.3 Role of Cl− in Plant Growth and Development 243
13.4 Cl− Toxicity 244
13.5 Interaction of Soil Cl− with Plant Tissues 245
13.5.1 Cl− Influx from Soil to Root 245
13.5.2 Mechanism of Cl− Efflux at the Membrane Level 245
13.5.3 Differential Accumulation of Cl− in Plants and Compartmentalization 246
13.6 Electrophysiological Study of Cl− Anion Channels in Plants 247
13.7 Channels and Transporters Participating in Cl− Homeostasis 248
13.7.1 Slow Anion Channel and Associated Homologs 249
13.7.2 QUAC1 and Aluminum-activated Malate Transporters 251
13.7.3 Plant Chloride Channel Family Members 253
13.7.4 Phylogenetic Tree and Tissue Localization of CLC Family Members 255
13.7.5 Cation, Chloride Co-transporters 257
13.7.6 ATP-binding Cassette Transporters and Chloride Conductance Regulatory Protein 258
13.7.7 Nitrate Transporter1/Peptide Transporter Proteins 259
13.7.8 Chloride Channel-mediated Anion Transport 259
13.7.9 Possible Mechanisms of Cl− Influx, Efflux, Reduced Net Xylem Loading, and its Compartmentalization 260
13.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 260
References 261
14 The Root Endomutualist Piriformospora indica: A Promising Bio-tool for Improving Crops under Salinity Stress 269
Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, Nidhi Verma, Meenakshi Dua, and Atul Kumar Johri
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 P. indica: An Extraordinary Tool for Salinity Stress Tolerance Improvement 269
14.3 Utilization of P. indica for Improving and Understanding the Salinity Stress Tolerance of Host Plants 270
14.4 P. indica-induced Biomodulation in Host Plant under Salinity Stress 270
14.5 Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and ROS in Host Plant During Interaction with P. indica 272
14.6 Role of Calcium Signaling and MAP Kinase Signaling Combating Salt Stress 272
14.7 Effect of P. indica on Osmolyte Synthesis and Accumulation 273
14.8 Salinity Stress Tolerance Mechanism in Axenically Cultivated and Root Colonized P. indica 274
14.9 Conclusion 277
Acknowledgments 278
Conflict of Interest 278
References 278
15 Root Endosymbiont-mediated Priming of Host Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 283
Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, and Atul Kumar Johri
15.1 Introduction 283
15.2 Bacterial Symbionts-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Host Plants 284
15.3 AM Fungi-mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Vascular Plants 286
15.4 Other Beneficial Fungi and their Importance in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Plants 287
15.4.1 Piriformospora indica: A Model System for Bio-priming of Host Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 288
15.4.2 Fungal Endophytes, AM-like Fungi, and Other DSE-mediated Bio-priming ofHost Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 289
15.5 Implication of Transgenes from Symbiotic Microorganisms in the Era of Genetic Engineering and Omics 289
15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 290
Acknowledgements 291
References 291
16 Insight into the Molecular Interaction Between Leguminous Plants and Rhizobia Under Abiotic Stress 301
Sumanti Gupta and Sampa Das
16.1 Introduction 301
16.1.1 Why is Legume-Rhizobium Interaction Under the Scientific Scanner? 301
16.2 Legume-Rhizobium Interaction Chemistry: A Brief Overview 302
16.2.1 Nodule Structure and Formation:The Sequential Events 302
16.2.2 Nod Factor Signaling: From Perception to Nodule Inception 304
16.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species:The Crucial Role of the Mobile Signal in Nodulation 305
16.2.4 Phytohormones: Key Players on All Occasions 306
16.2.5 Autoregulation of Nodulation: The Self Control fromWithin 306
16.3 Role of Abiotic Stress Factors in Influencing Symbiotic Relations of Legumes 307
16.3.1 How Do Abiotic Stress Factors Alter Rhizobial Behavior During Symbiotic Association? 307
16.3.2 Abiotic Agents Modulate Symbiotic Signals of Host Legumes 308
16.3.3 Abiotic Stress Agents as Regulators of Defense Signals of Symbiotic Hosts During Interaction with Other Pathogens 309
16.4 Conclusion: The Lessons Unlearnt 309
References 310
17 Effect of Nanoparticles on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Defense Systemin Plants 315
Savita Sharma, Vivek K. Singh, Anil Kumar, and Sharada Mallubhotla
17.1 Introduction 315
17.2 Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment 317
17.3 Nanoparticle Transformations 318
17.4 Plant Response to Nanoparticle Stress 320
17.5 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 323
17.6 Nanoparticle Induced Oxidative Stress 324
17.7 Antioxidant Defense System in Plants 326
17.8 Conclusion 327
References 328
18 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 335
Saikat Gantait, Sutanu Sarkar, and Sandeep Kumar Verma
18.1 Introduction 335
18.2 Reaction of Plants to Abiotic Stress 336
18.3 Basic Concept of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 337
18.4 Genetics of Abiotic Stress Tolerance 338
18.5 Fundamentals of Molecular Markers and Marker-assisted Selection 339
18.5.1 Molecular Markers 339
18.5.2 Marker-assisted Selection 341
18.6 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 341
18.6.1 Marker-assisted Selection for Heat Tolerance 342
18.6.1.1 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 342
18.6.1.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 343
18.6.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 343
18.6.1.4 Grape (Vitis species) 343
18.7 Marker-assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance 344
18.7.1.1 Maize (Zea mays) 344
18.7.1.2 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) 345
18.7.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 346
18.7.1.4 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 346
18.7.2 Marker-assisted Selection for Salinity Tolerance 347
18.7.2.1 Rice (Oryza sativa) 347
18.7.2.2 Mungbean (Vigna radiata) 348
18.7.2.3 Oilseed Brassica 349
18.7.2.4 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 350
18.7.3 Marker-assisted Selection for Low Temperature Tolerance 351
18.7.3.1 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 351
18.7.3.2 Pea (Pisum sativum) 353
18.7.3.3 Oilseed Brassica 354
18.7.3.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 355
18.8 Outlook 356
References 356
19 Transgenes: The Key to Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice 369
Supratim Basu, Lymperopoulos Panagiotis, Joseph Msanne, and Roel Rabara
19.1 Introduction 369
19.2 Drought Effects in Rice Leaves 370
19.3 Molecular Analysis of Drought Stress Response 370
19.4 Omics Approach to Analysis of Drought Response 371
19.4.1 Transcriptomics 371
19.4.2 Metabolomics 372
19.4.3 Epigenomics 373
19.5 Plant Breeding Techniques to Improve Rice Tolerance 374
19.6 Marker-assisted Selection 374
19.7 Transgenic Approach: Present Status and Future Prospects 375
19.8 Looking into the Future for Developing Drought-tolerant Transgenic Rice Plants 376
19.9 Salinity Stress in Rice 376
19.10 Candidate Genes for Salt Tolerance in Rice 378
19.11 QTL Associated with Rice Tolerance to Salinity Stress 379
19.12 The Saltol QTL 380
19.13 Conclusion 381
References 381
20 Impact of Next-generation Sequencing in Elucidating the Role of microRNA Related to Multiple Abiotic Stresses 389
Kavita Goswami, Anita Tripathi, Budhayash Gautam, and Neeti Sanan-Mishra
20.1 Introduction 389
20.2 NGS Platforms and their Applications 390
20.2.1 NGS Platforms 390
20.2.1.1 Roche 454 390
20.2.1.2 ABI SoLid 391
20.2.1.3 ION Torrent 392
20.2.1.4 Illumina 393
20.2.2 Applications of NGS 394
20.2.2.1 Genomics 395
20.2.2.2 Metagenomics 396
20.2.2.3 Epigenomics 396
20.2.2.4 Transcriptomics 397
20.3 Understanding the Small RNA Family 398
20.3.1 Small Interfering RNAs 398
20.3.2 microRNA 402
20.4 Criteria and Tools for Computational Classification of Small RNAs 402
20.4.1 Pre-processing (Quality Filtering and Sequence Alignment) 403
20.4.2 Identification and Prediction of miRNAs and siRNAs 403
20.5 Role of NGS in Identification of Stress-regulated miRNA and their Targets 407
20.5.1 miR156 408
20.5.2 miR159 408
20.5.3 miR160 409
20.5.4 miR164 409
20.5.5 miR166 409
20.5.6 miR167 409
20.5.7 miR168 410
20.5.8 miR169 410
20.5.9 miR172 410
20.5.10 miR393 410
20.5.11 miR396 411
20.5.12 miR398 411
20.6 Conclusion 411
Acknowledgments 412
References 412
21 Understanding the Interaction of Molecular Factors During the Crosstalk Between Drought and Biotic Stresses in Plants 427
Arnab Purohit, Shreeparna Ganguly, Rituparna Kundu Chaudhuri, and Dipankar Chakraborti
21.1 Introduction 427
21.2 Combined Stress Responses in Plants 428
21.3 Combined Drought-Biotic Stresses in Plants 428
21.3.1 Plant Responses Against Biotic Stress during Drought Stress 429
21.3.2 Plant Responses Against Drought Stress during Biotic Stress 430
21.4 Varietal Failure Against Multiple Stresses 430
21.5 Transcriptome Studies of Multiple Stress Responses 431
21.6 Signaling Pathways Induced by Drought-Biotic Stress Responses 432
21.6.1 Reactive Oxygen Species 432
21.6.2 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Cascades 433
21.6.3 Transcription Factors 434
21.6.4 Heat Shock Proteins and Heat Shock Factors 436
21.6.5 Role of ABA Signaling during Crosstalk 437
21.7 Conclusion 438
Acknowledgments 439
Conflict of Interest 439
References 439
Index 447
