Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders

Table of Contents

Preface

1. Vitamins and Minerals and in the context of reference values and requirements Rajkumar Rajendram

I. Alzheimer's Disease and Dementias

2. Alpha-tocopherol for Alzheimer's disease Amal Kaddoumi

3. Cognitive impairment and micronutrients: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine and implications for dementia Gianluca Rizzo and Angela Marino

4. Magnesium and Alzheimer's disease D�nahin Hinnoutondji Toffa and Jimmy Li

5. Copper, Oxidative Stress, Alzheimer's disease and Dementia Rosanna Squitti, Mauro Rongioletti and Gianfranco Liguri

6. Chromium and Alzheimer's disease Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah and Ansab Akhtar

II. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

7. Riboflavin and lower motor neuron diseases Y. Nadjar

III. Brain Injury

8. Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid) in Brain Injury Stefan W. Leichtle, Sulaiman Al Mohaish, Melissa Sandler, Vishal Yajnik, Dennis Rivet, Markos Kashiouris, Alpha Fowler and Gretchen M. Brophy

9. Antioxidant vitamins in brain injury with or without antibiotics Anoop Kumar I

10. Vitamin D and traumatic brain Injury Ajay Choudhary

11. Zinc and traumatic brain injury: implications for dietary modulation Paul A. Adlard

IV. Cerebral Palsy

12. Cerebral palsy: Evaluating vitamin D levels M. A. Bellomo-Branda

V. Dietary Neurotoxins

13. Linking copper and neurotoxic activities Gesivaldo Santos

VI. Epilepsy

14. Epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration and vitamin E Francesco Galli

15. Selenium use in epilepsy Haitham S. Mohammed

16. Reduced Vitamin C and minerals in epilepsy Mohammad Safiqul Islam

17. Thiamine, transporters and epilepsy Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay, Arushi Gahlot Saini and Harjit Singh Mahay

VII. Headaches and Migraines

18. Riboflavin usage in pediatric migraine Gaku Yamanaka

19. Vitamin B12, folate and migraine Ioannis Liampas, Vasileios Siokas, Christos Bakirtzis and Efthimios Dardiotis

20. Vitamin D and migraine Parisa Gazerani

VIII. Multiple Sclerosis

21. Iron, zinc and multiple sclerosis patients Jamilah Borjac and Alaa Matar

22. Vitamin D3 supplementation and multiple sclerosis Joost Smolders and Jan Damoiseaux

IX. Neuroinflammation

23. Magnesium reducing neuroinflammation Renu Agarwal and Igor Iezhitsa

24. Vitamin B12 as a neuroprotectant in neuroinflammation Roney S. Coimbra, Larissa Cassiano and Marina Oliveira

25. Vitamin D (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases Glauce.Socorro de Barros Viana

26. Vitamin c and neuroinflammation Amanda Marino, David Consoli and Fiona E. Harrison

27. Vitamin A and all trans retinoic acid ( ATRA) on neuroinflammatory changes in the brain Saritha Nair, S. Priyanka and Indira M

28. Fluoride Excess and Neuroinflammation Varun Kumar Sharma, Charu Tyagi, Dudha Namrata, Yugandhar Reddy and Lomas Kumar Tomar

X. Parkinson's Disease

29. Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease Valeria Gon�alves, F�lvio Scorza, A.C. G. Almeida and Carla A. Scorza

30. Tocotrienols and Parkinson's disease: modelling in vivo and vitro Tatsuya Matsura

31. B vitamins, pyridoxal phosphate and Parkinsonism Adejoke Y. Onaolapo and Olakunle James Onaolapo

32. Antioxidant vitamins in Parkinson's disease: Vitamins A, C and E Woon-Puay Koh and Ariel Fangting Ying

33. Calcium- and Parkinson's disease Payam Saadat and Kiarash Saleki

34. Micronutrient levels in Parkinson's Disease H. Afridi Sr.

35. Genes and dietary metals in Parkinson disease Shiek SS.J Ahmed, Jency Roshni, Mahema S. and Janakiraman V

XI. Peripheral Neuropathy

36. Vitamin D levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy Rizaldy Pinzon, Angela Angela, Vanessa Veronica, Febrina Eva Susanto and Andryawan Pradana

37. B Vitamins in the nervous system: a focus on peripheral neuropathy Ana Mar�a P�ez-Hurtado, Maria Camila Cortes-Albornoz, Diego Alejandro Rodr�guez-Gomez, Carlos Calder�n-Ospina and Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa

XII. Prenatal Effects and Neurodevelopment

38. B-vitamins, deficiencies and maternal over supplementation on neurodevelopment: an updated narrative McCoy Clementson, Jesse Jauhal and Nafisa M. Jadavji

39. Trace elements in neurodevelopment: an updated narrative Anatoly Skalny, Lyubov Chernova and Anastasia Skalnaya

40. Gestational Folic Acid in Neuronal Development of the Hypothalamus G. H. Anderson

XIII. Stroke

41. Vitamin B12, hyperhomocysteinaemia and stroke J. David Spence

42. Dietary sodium and stroke: A new narrative Ahmad Jayedi and Sakineh Shab-bidar

43. Dietary calcium and stroke Ka Kahe

44. Resources Rajkumar Rajendram

Authors

Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Vinood Patel Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.