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5G Technology. 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced. Edition No. 2

  • Book

  • 656 Pages
  • March 2024
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5765867
5G TECHNOLOGY

An Essential Insider’s View of the Development Work of 5G Technology Up to Release 18

5G brings new technology solutions to the 5G mobile networks, including new spectrum options, antenna structures, physical layer and protocols designs, and network architectures. 5G Technology: 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced is an accessible and comprehensive resource that offers explanations of 5G specifications and performance evaluations, aspects of device design, practical deployment considerations and illustrative examples from field experiences.

With contributions from a panel of international experts on the topic (industry insiders working at the forefront of development), the book presents the main new technology components in 5G and describes the physical layer, radio protocols, and network performance indicators associated with them. It has intentionally been written to cater to individuals at all levels of 5G expertise. Some of the topics of discussion and learning resources in the work include: - An easy-to-understand insider’s overview of 5G from editors and authors who are actively working with the 5G development in 3GPP, the forum defining the requirements - Deployment aspects, such as site density and transport network, plus exploration into 5G performance aspects, including data rates, coverage, and latency - A large number of illustrations including simulation and measurement results of 5G technology performance, plus key 5G procedures - Updated information on industrial IoT, radio enhancements in Releases 16 and 17, open RAN and virtualized RAN, 5G verticals and new use cases, and the 5G-Advanced development in Release 18 and outlook towards Release 19

5G Technology: 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced serves as a complete resource for wireless researchers, network planners, lecturers in universities, technology analysts, R&D engineers, application developers, and spectrum regulators who wish to thoroughly understand the latest in 5G technology and get ahead of the curve with regards to its potential applications in a wide variety of industries.

Table of Contents

About the Editors xxi

List of Contributors xxiii

Foreword xxv

Preface xxvii

Acknowledgment xxix

1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Takehiro Nakamura, and Tommi Uitto

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 5G Targets 3

1.3 5G Technology Components 3

1.4 5G Spectrum 4

1.5 5G Capabilities 6

1.6 5G Capacity Boost 7

1.7 5G Standardization and Schedule 8

1.8 5G Use Cases 9

1.9 Evolution Path from LTE to 5G 10

1.10 5G-Advanced 10

1.11 Summary 11

2 5G Targets and Standardization 13
Hiroyuki Atarashi, Mikio Iwamura, Satoshi Nagata, Takehiro Nakamura, and Antti Toskala

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Itu 13

2.3 Ngmn 17

2.4 3GPP Schedule and Phasing 22

2.5 Evolution Towards 5G-Advanced and 6G 25

3 Technology Components 27
Harri Holma

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Spectrum Utilization 27

3.3 Beamforming 31

3.4 Flexible Physical Layer and Protocols 33

3.5 Network Slicing 44

3.6 Dual Connectivity with LTE 44

3.7 Radio Cloud and Edge Computing 46

3.8 Summary 47

4 Spectrum 49
Harri Holma and Takehiro Nakamura

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Millimeter Wave Spectrum Above 20 GHz 52

4.3 Mid-Band Spectrum at 3.3-5.0 GHz and at 2.6 GHz 55

4.4 Low-Band Spectrum Below 3 GHz 58

4.5 Unlicensed Band 59

4.6 Shared Band 62

4.7 3GPP Frequency Variants 64

4.8 Summary 64

5 5GArchitecture 67
Antti Toskala and Miikka Poikselkä

5.1 Introduction 67

5.2 5G Architecture Options 67

5.3 5G Core Network Architecture 70

5.4 5G RAN Architecture 75

5.5 Network Slicing 81

5.6 Summary 85

6 5G Physical Layer 87
Mihai Enescu, Keeth Jayasinghe, Karri Ranta-Aho, Karol Schober, and Antti Toskala

6.1 Introduction 87

6.2 5G Multiple Access Principle 88

6.3 Physical Channels and Signals 92

6.4 Basic Structures for 5G Frame Structure 95

6.5 5G Channel Structures and Beamforming Basics 98

6.6 Random Access 100

6.7 Downlink User Data Transmission 101

6.8 Uplink User Data Transmission 103

6.9 Uplink Signaling Transmission 105

6.10 Downlink Signaling Transmission 108

6.11 Physical Layer Procedures 111

6.12 5G MIMO and Beamforming Operation 113

6.13 Channel Coding with 5G 133

6.14 Dual Connectivity 142

6.15 5G Data Rates 144

6.16 Physical Layer Measurements 145

6.17 UE Capability 146

6.18 Summary 147

7 5G Radio Protocols 149
Tero Henttonen, Jarkko Koskela, Benoist Sébire, and Antti Toskala

7.1 Introduction 149

7.2 5G Radio Protocol Layers 150

7.3 Sdap 151

7.4 Pdcp 156

7.5 Rlc 160

7.6 MAC Layer 162

7.7 The RRC Protocol 168

7.8 Radio Protocols in RAN Architecture 185

7.9 Summary 185

8 Deployment Aspects 187
Harri Holma, Riku Luostari, Jussi Reunanen, and Puripong Thepchatri

8.1 Introduction 187

8.2 Spectrum Resources 188

8.3 Network Density 190

8.4 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 190

8.5 Base Station Site Solutions 192

8.6 Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Considerations 194

8.7 Network Synchronization and Coordination Requirements 195

8.8 5G Overlay with Another Vendor LTE 209

8.9 Summary 210

9 Transport 213
Esa Markus Metsälä and Juha Salmelin

9.1 5G Transport Network 213

9.2 Capacity and Latency 219

9.3 Technologies 225

9.4 Fronthaul and Backhaul Interfaces 228

9.5 Specific Topics 232

10 5G Performance 239
Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, and Venkat Venkatesan

10.1 Introduction 239

10.2 Peak Data Rates 241

10.3 Practical Data Rates 243

10.4 Latency 247

10.5 Link Budgets 257

10.6 Coverage for Sub-6-GHz Band 262

10.7 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Algorithms 269

10.8 Packet Scheduling Algorithms 280

10.9 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity 286

10.10 Network Energy Efficiency 291

10.11 Traffic and Device Density 294

10.12 Ultra-Reliability for Mission-Critical Communication 296

10.13 Mobility and High-Speed Trains 299

10.14 Summary 302

11 Measurements 305
Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Tetsuro Imai

11.1 Introduction 305

11.2 Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz 306

11.3 Field Experiments with Sub-6-GHz 5G Radio 326

11.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio 332

11.5 Summary 344

12 5G RF Design Challenges 349
Petri Vasenkari, Dominique Brunel, and Laurent Noël

12.1 Introduction 349

12.2 Impact of New Physical Layer on RF Performance 350

12.3 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in Frequency Range 1 363

12.4 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in mmWave Frequency Range 2 373

12.5 Dual Uplink Performance Challenges for NSA Operation 381

12.6 Examples of UE Implementation Challenges 392

12.7 Summary 396

13 5G Modem Design Challenges 399
YihShen Chen, Jiann-Ching Guey, Chienhwa Hwang, PeiKai Liao, Guillaume Sébire, Weide Wu, and Weidong Yang

13.1 Introduction 399

13.2 High Data Rate, System Flexibility, and Computational Complexity 401

13.3 Low Latency, Flexible Timing, and Modem Control Flow Complexity 406

13.4 Multi-RAT Coexistence and Modem Architecture 413

13.5 Wider Bandwidth Operation and Modem Power Consumption 419

13.6 Summary 428

14 Internet of Things Optimization 431
Harri Holma, Rapeepat Ratasuk, and Mads Lauridsen

14.1 Introduction 431

14.2 IoT Optimization in LTE Radio 433

14.3 Lte-m 436

14.4 Narrowband-IoT 439

14.5 IoT Optimization in LTE Core Network 442

14.6 Coverage 443

14.7 Delay and Capacity 444

14.8 Power Saving Features 446

14.9 NB-IoT Power Consumption Measurements 448

14.10 IoT Solution Benchmarking 449

14.11 IoT Optimizations in 5G 451

14.12 Summary 458

15 LTE-Advanced Evolution 461
Harri Holma and Timo Lunttila

15.1 Introduction 461

15.2 Overview of LTE Evolution 462

15.3 LTE-Advanced Pro Technologies 465

15.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking 478

15.5 Summary 482

16 5G-Advanced Overview 485
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma

16.1 Introduction 485

16.2 3GPP Schedule 486

16.3 5G-Advanced Key Areas 486

16.4 Extended and Augmented Reality 488

16.5 Superaccurate Positioning 490

16.6 Radio Performance Boosters 491

16.7 New Vertical Use Cases 493

16.8 Resilient Timing 494

16.9 Network Automation and Energy Efficiency 495

16.10 RedCap/NR-Light for IoT 495

16.11 Outlook For 5G Release 19 496

16.12 Outlook For 6G 497

16.13 Summary 502

17 Radio Enhancements in Release 16-18 505
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

17.1 Introduction 505

17.2 Coverage Enhancements 505

17.3 MIMO Enhancements 508

17.4 Mobility 510

17.5 UE Power Saving 511

17.6 AI/ML for Air Interface and NG-RAN 513

17.7 Integrated Access and Backhaul 515

17.8 Dual Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 517

17.9 Small Data Transmission 518

17.10 Conclusion 519

18 Industrial Internet of Things 521
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

18.1 Introduction 521

18.2 Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices 522

18.3 RedCap Device Complexity 523

18.4 RedCap Device Power Consumption 525

18.5 RedCap Benchmarking with LTE-Based IoT 526

18.6 New Spectrum Options 527

18.7 Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication 528

18.8 Low Latency Communication 530

18.9 Ultra-Reliable Communication 537

18.10 Time Sensitive Network 540

18.11 LAN Service 541

18.12 Positioning Solutions 542

18.13 Non-Public Networks 543

18.14 Summary 544

19 Verticals 547
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma

19.1 Introduction 547

19.2 Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) 547

19.3 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) 550

19.4 Drones 551

19.5 Vehicle Connectivity 552

19.6 Public Safety 553

19.7 Dedicated Networks with less than 5 MHz of Spectrum 554

19.8 Unlicensed 555

19.9 Summary 556

20 Open RAN and Virtualized RAN 559
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

20.1 Introduction 559

20.2 Radio Network Architecture Trends 560

20.3 Open RAN Fronthaul 561

20.4 Uplink Capacity Optimization 565

20.5 O-RAN Alliance 566

20.6 O-RAN Fronthaul 566

20.7 Open Test and Integration Center and PlugFests 568

20.8 O-RAN Security and Orchestration 569

20.9 Baseband Virtualization and Cloud Ran 569

20.10 Baseband Virtualization and Centralization 570

20.11 Far Edge Availability and Network Topology 571

20.12 Fiber and Optics Availability 573

20.13 Baseband Hardware Efficiency 574

20.14 Virtual RAN Evolution 575

20.15 RAN Intelligent Controller 575

20.16 Summary 577

21 Machine Learning for 5G System Optimization 579
Riku Luostari, Petteri Kela, Mikko Honkala, Dani Korpi, Janne Huttunen, and Harri Holma

21.1 Introduction 580

21.2 Motivation 580

21.3 Model Training and Inference in Wireless Systems 581

21.4 Machine Learning Categories 582

21.5 Key Algorithm Techniques 583

21.6 Machine Learning for 5G Wireless Systems 584

21.7 Channel State Information (CSI) Improvement and Channel Prediction 586

21.8 Deep Neural Network-Based Receivers and DeepRx 587

21.9 Pilotless OFDM 590

21.10 Massive MIMO, Beamforming, and DeepTx 591

21.11 Beam Tracking for mmWaves 593

21.12 Channel Coding 593

21.13 MAC Scheduler and Radio Resource Management 594

21.14 Learned Communication Protocols 601

21.15 Network Planning and Optimization 602

21.16 Network Operations 604

21.17 Network Security 604

21.18 Positioning 605

21.19 Challenges 606

21.20 Scalability 606

21.21 Uncertainty 606

21.22 Time Criticality and Computational Requirements 606

21.23 Standardization and Specifications Impact 607

21.24 Summary 608

References 609

Index 613

Authors

Harri Holma Nokia Bell Labs, Finland. Antti Toskala Nokia Bell Labs, Finland. Takehiro Nakamura NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Japan.