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Microconstituents in the Environment. Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 624 Pages
  • June 2023
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5828813
Microconstituents in the Environment

Comprehensive introduction to managing novel pollutants commonly released into the environment through industrial and everyday processes

Microconstituents in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management provides the readers with an understanding of the occurrence and fate of microconstituents, pollutants that have not previously been detected or regulated under current environmental laws or may cause known or suspected adverse ecological and/or human health effects even at insignificant levels, covering their presence in the environment and possible management strategies. The text is practice-oriented and evaluates a wide range of technologies for pollutant removal and how to implement them in the field.

In Microconstituents in the Environment, readers will find information on: - Fundamental ideas regarding microconstituents, including their classification, major sources, and detection methods, and their removal via biological treatment techniques - Fate and transport of microconstituents in various environmental domains, including mathematical modeling based on remote sensing techniques - Physicochemical treatment techniques for microconstituents, including precipitation, absorption, filtration, membrane separation, and oxidation - Sustainability and environmental management, including the regulatory framework and requirements for developing a new field application, plus an outlook on green design concepts

With its emphasis on management and remediation, Microconstituents in the Environment is a highly useful one-stop resource on the subject for environmental scientists, modelers, government agencies, and research scientists working in the field of environmental pollution.

Table of Contents

Preface xix

List of Contributors xxi

About the Editors xxix

Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1

1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3
Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5

1.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 5

1.2.2 Pesticides 8

1.2.3 Disinfection By-Products 8

1.2.4 Industrial Chemicals 9

1.2.5 Algal Toxins 9

1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10

1.3.1 Source of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment 10

1.3.2 Source of Pesticides in the Environment 11

1.3.3 Source of Disinfection By-Products in the Environment 13

1.3.4 Source of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment 14

1.3.5 Source of Algal Toxins in the Environment 16

1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17

1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18

1.5.1 Impact on Human Health 21

1.5.2 Impact on the Ecosystem 21

1.6 The Structure of the Book 24

1.7 Conclusions 26

2 Occurrence 37
Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli

2.1 Introduction 37

2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40

2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40

2.3.1 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Groundwater 41

2.3.2 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Surface Water 43

2.3.3 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Marine Water 44

2.3.4 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Drinking Water 45

2.3.5 Occurrence of Microconstituents in WWTPs Effluent and Sludge 46

2.3.6 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Soil 47

2.3.7 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Foods and Vegetables 48

2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49

2.5 Conclusions 49

3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55
Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56

3.2.1 Sample Preparation 56

3.2.1.1 Traditional Sampling Techniques 57

3.2.1.2 Automatic Samplers and Pumps 58

3.2.1.3 Pore-Water Sampling 58

3.2.2 Extraction of Microconstituents 58

3.2.3 Passive Sampling 60

3.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 62

3.2.5 Internal vs. External Quality Control 62

3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63

3.3.1 Detection Techniques 63

3.3.2 UV-Visible Optical Methods 64

3.3.3 NMR Spectroscopy 65

3.3.4 Chromatographic Methods Tandem Mass Spectrometry 67

3.3.5 Biological Assay for Detection 67

3.3.6 Sensors and Biosensors for Detection 72

3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73

3.4.1 Performance Criteria 73

3.4.2 Tracer Selection 73

3.4.3 Different Source Tracking Methods 75

3.4.4 Statistical Approaches in Source Tracking Modeling 76

3.4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 76

3.4.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 76

3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77

3.5.1 Basic Concepts and Principles 77

3.5.2 Measurement and Estimation Techniques 77

3.5.3 Applications for Microconstituents Monitoring 78

3.6 Conclusions 79

4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89
Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91

4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92

4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94

4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94

4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95

4.6.1 Effect on Aquatic Ecosystem 95

4.6.2 Effect on Human Health 96

4.6.3 Toxicity Testing 96

4.6.3.1 Test Without PE MPs 97

4.6.3.2 With Microbeads 97

4.6.3.3 Analysis Limitations 98

4.7 Risk Assessment 98

4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99

4.9 Conclusions 99

Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107

5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109
Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111

5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112

5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117

5.4.1 Advective Transport 117

5.4.2 Dispersive Transport 120

5.4.3 Discretization in Space and Time 120

5.5 Application of Models 123

5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126

5.6.1 Hydrus Model for Pollution Transport 126

5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126

5.8 Conclusions 129

6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133
Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao

6.1 Introduction 133

6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134

6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135

6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136

6.5 Limitations 139

6.6 Concluding Remarks 139

7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143
Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao

7.1 Introduction 143

7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143

7.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 143

7.2.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 146

7.2.3 Industrial Chemicals 149

7.2.4 Pesticides 150

7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152

7.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 152

7.3.2 Pesticides in Surface Water 153

7.3.3 The Applicability of Mathematical Models 155

7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mathematical Tools 155

7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157

7.4.1 Adsorption of Microconstituents 157

7.4.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Caffeine 158

7.4.3 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Steroidal Estrogen 158

7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161

7.5.1 BASINS System Overview 162

7.5.2 HSPF Model Evaluation (Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran Model) 164

7.5.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of SWAT Pesticide Modeling 166

7.5.3.1 SWAT Model Description 166

7.5.3.2 SWAT Model Set-Up 167

7.5.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Validation 168

7.5.4.1 Coefficient of Determination, R 2 168

7.5.4.2 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, NSE 169

7.5.5 Basin Level Modeling (Pesticide Transport) 170

7.6 Conclusions 172

8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181
Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao

8.1 Introduction 181

8.1.1 The Sources of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181

8.1.2 The Behavior of Microconstituents 183

8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183

8.2.1 Traditional Wastewater Treatment Process 183

8.2.2 The Fate of MCs in WWTPs 185

8.2.3 Biodegradation of Microconstituents 186

8.2.4 Sorption Onto Sludge Solids in WWTPs 188

8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189

8.3.1 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 189

8.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 190

8.3.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) 191

8.3.4 Trickling Filter 191

8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191

8.4.1 ASP Operation 191

8.4.2 MBR Operation 193

8.4.3 MBBR Operation 193

8.4.4 TF Operation 194

8.5 Conclusions 194

9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203
Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout

9.1 Introduction 203

9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206

9.2.1 Classification of Atmospheric Microplastics 206

9.2.2 Characteristics of Atmospheric Microplastics 206

9.2.3 Qualitative Assessment to Identify Microplastics 208

9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209

9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210

9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211

9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213

9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214

9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215

9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216

9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217

9.11 Future Scope of Research 218

9.12 Conclusions 219

10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227
Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao

10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227

10.1.1 Source of Light or Energy 228

10.1.2 Radiation and the Atmosphere 229

10.1.3 Interaction With the Subject Target 229

10.1.4 Sensing Systems 229

10.1.5 Data Collection 229

10.1.6 Interpretation and Analysis 229

10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230

10.2.1 Modeling and Simulation Approaches 231

10.2.1.1 Deterministic Models 231

10.2.1.2 Stochastic Models 231

10.2.1.3 Rule-Based Models 232

10.2.1.4 Multi-Agent Simulation of Complex Systems 232

10.2.2 GIS Implementation 232

10.2.2.1 Full Integration-Embedded Coupling 232

10.2.2.2 Integration Under a Common Interface-Tight Coupling 233

10.2.2.3 Loose Coupling 233

10.2.2.4 Modeling Environment Linked to GIS 233

10.3 Emerging and Application 233

10.3.1 Multispectral Remote Sensing 233

10.3.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 234

10.3.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) 234

10.3.4 Applications 234

10.3.4.1 Urban Environment Management 234

10.3.4.2 Wasteland Environment 235

10.3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Environment 236

10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236

10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237

10.5.1 Types of Satellite-Based Environmental Monitoring 239

10.5.1.1 Atmosphere Monitoring 239

10.5.1.2 Air Quality Monitoring 239

10.5.1.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) 240

10.5.1.4 Hazard Monitoring 240

10.5.1.5 Marine and Phytoplankton Studies 240

10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241

10.7 Conclusions 242

Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247

11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249
Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249

11.1 Introduction 249

11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251

11.2.1 Working Principle 251

11.2.2 Types of Electrocoagulation 252

11.2.2.1 Batch Electrocoagulation 252

11.2.2.2 Continuous Electrocoagulation 254

11.2.2.3 Advantages of Electrocoagulation Over Other Methods for Struvite Precipitation 256

11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257

11.3.1 pH of the Medium 257

11.3.2 Magnesium Source and Mg 2+ : PO 3- 4 Molar Ratio 258

11.3.3 Current Density 259

11.3.4 Voltage and Current Efficiency 260

11.3.5 Electrode Type and Interelectrode Distance 261

11.3.6 Stirring Speed, Reaction Time, and Seeding 262

11.3.7 Presence of Competitive Ions and Purity of Struvite Crystals 263

11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264

11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266

12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273
Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia

12.1 Introduction 273

12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274

12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276

12.3.1 Adsorption Isotherms 276

12.3.1.1 Langmuir Isotherm 276

12.3.1.2 Freundlich Isotherm 276

12.3.1.3 Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm 277

12.3.1.4 Redlich-Peterson Isotherm 277

12.3.1.5 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Isotherm 278

12.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics 278

12.3.2.1 Pseudo-First-Order Equation 278

12.3.2.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Equation 279

12.3.2.3 Elovich Model 279

12.3.2.4 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 279

12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280

12.4.1 Surface Area 280

12.4.2 Contact Time 280

12.4.3 Nature and Initial Concentration of Adsorbate 280

12.4.4 pH 280

12.4.5 Nature and Dose of Adsorbent 281

12.4.6 Interfering Substance 281

12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281

12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282

12.6.1 Conventional Adsorbents 282

12.6.2 Commercial Activated Carbons 282

12.6.3 Inorganic Material 284

12.6.4 Ion-Exchange Resins 285

12.6.5 Emerging/Non-Conventional Adsorbents 285

12.6.5.1 Natural Adsorbents 286

12.6.5.2 Agricultural Wastes 287

12.6.5.3 Industrial By-Product (Industrial Solid Wastes) 287

12.6.5.4 Solid Waste-Based Activated Carbons 288

12.6.5.5 Bio-Sorbents 288

12.6.5.6 Miscellaneous Adsorbents 289

12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290

12.7.1 Desorption/Regeneration Studies 290

12.7.2 Column Studies 291

12.7.2.1 Surface Modification of Adsorbents 293

12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295

12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296

12.9.1 Advantages 296

12.9.2 Disadvantages 297

12.10 Conclusions 297

13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303
Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi

13.1 Introduction 303

13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304

13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306

13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310

13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312

13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313

13.7 Summary 316

14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia

14.1 Introduction 321

14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323

14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323

14.3.1 Classification of Membranes 323

14.3.2 Classification and Properties of Membrane Materials 329

14.3.2.1 Membrane Classification 329

14.3.2.1.1 Cellulose Derivatives 330

14.3.2.1.2 Aromatic Polyamides 330

14.3.2.1.3 Polysulphone 330

14.3.2.1.4 Polyimides 330

14.3.2.1.5 Polytetrafluoroethylene 331

14.3.2.1.6 Polycarbonates 331

14.3.2.1.7 Polypropylene 331

14.3.2.2 Cutting-Edge Membranes 331

14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332

14.4.1 Fundamental Principles 332

14.4.2 Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal 351

14.4.2.1 Modes of Operation 352

14.4.2.2 Definitions of Some Frequently Used Terms in MBSTs 353

14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354

14.6 Membrane Fouling 355

14.6.1 Classification of Membrane Fouling 355

14.6.1.1 Particulate or Colloidal Fouling 356

14.6.1.2 Biological or Microbial Fouling 356

14.6.1.3 Scaling or Precipitation Fouling 356

14.6.1.4 Organic Fouling 356

14.6.2 Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling 356

14.6.3 Control of Membrane Fouling 357

14.7 Future Perspectives 358

14.8 Conclusions 358

15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia

15.1 Introduction 367

15.2 Classification of AOPs 369

15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370

15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370

15.4.1 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Ozonation Process 370

15.4.2 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by UV-Irradiation 371

15.4.3 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Photocatalysis 371

15.4.4 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Electrochemical Oxidation (EO) or Anodic Oxidation (AO) and Sonolysis 373

15.4.5 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by the Fenton Process 373

15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374

15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374

15.6.1 Uv/h 2 O 2 374

15.6.2 UV Photocatalysis/Ozonation 374

15.6.3 UV/Fenton Process 375

15.6.4 UV/Persulfate (PS) or Permonosulfate (PMS) 375

15.6.5 UV/Cl 2 376

15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376

15.7.1 Ozonation/H 2 O 2 376

15.7.2 Ozonation/PS or PMS 376

15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376

15.8.1 Heterogeneous Fenton Process 376

15.8.2 Photo-Fenton Process 377

15.8.3 Sono-Fenton Process 377

15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377

15.9.1 Electro-Fenton Process 377

15.9.2 Sono-Electro-Fenton Process 378

15.9.3 Photo-Electro-Fenton Process 378

15.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378

15.10.1 PPCP Removal 378

15.10.2 Pesticide Removal 389

15.10.3 Surfactant Removal 390

15.10.4 PFAS Removal 390

15.11 Future Perspectives 390

15.12 Conclusions 392

Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405

16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407
Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang

16.1 Introduction 407

16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 408

16.2.1 High-Rate Systems 408

16.2.1.1 Suspended Growth Processes 408

16.2.1.2 Attached Growth Processes 410

16.2.2 Low-Rate Systems 411

16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411

16.3.1 ASPs 412

16.3.2 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 412

16.3.3 MBR and Membranes Technology 413

16.3.4 ASPs and/or Trickling Filters 413

16.3.5 Lagoons and Constructed Wetlands 413

16.3.6 Mixed Technologies 414

16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415

16.4.1 Hormones and Their Conjugates 415

16.4.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) and Nanomaterials (NMs) 417

16.4.3 Microplastics 417

16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418

16.6 Conclusions 419

17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427
Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang

17.1 Introduction 427

17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428

17.2.1 Suspended Growth Process 428

17.2.1.1 Anaerobic Contact Reactor (ACR) 429

17.2.1.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor 429

17.2.2 Attached Growth Process 430

17.2.3 AnMBRs 431

17.2.4 Current Status of AD Technology 432

17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433

17.3.1 The Hydrolysis Stage 433

17.3.2 The Acidogenesis Stage 434

17.3.3 The Acetogenesis Stage 434

17.3.4 The Methanogenesis Stage 435

17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436

17.4.1 Key Characteristics of Selected AD Systems for MCs Removal 436

17.4.1.1 Reactor Configurations and Combinations of Different Methods 436

17.4.1.2 Removal of Different MCs and Associated Mechanisms 441

17.4.2 Biodegradation of Selected MCs in AD Processes 442

17.4.2.1 MPs 442

17.4.2.2 NMs/NPs 444

17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445

17.6 Conclusions 446

18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455
Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar

18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455

18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457

18.2.1 Electrodes 457

18.2.2 Separators 460

18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461

18.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 462

18.3.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell 463

18.3.3 Microbial Desalination Cell 464

18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466

18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469

18.5.1 Treatment of Different Wastewaters in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469

18.5.2 Micropollutant Remediation 473

18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474

18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476

18.8 Summary 478

19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491
Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar

19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491

19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492

19.2.1 Constructed Wetlands 493

19.2.1.1 Applications 494

19.2.1.2 Constructed Wetland Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 494

19.2.2 Combined Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes 495

19.2.2.1 Activated Sludge Process Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496

19.2.2.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496

19.2.2.3 Bio-Electrochemical Systems and Advanced Oxidation Processes 497

19.2.2.4 Bio-Electro Fenton-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes 499

19.2.2.5 Photo-Electrocatalyst-Based Advanced Oxidation Process 500

19.2.3 Membrane Bioreactor 501

19.2.3.1 Granular Sludge Membrane Bioreactor 502

19.2.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Process Coupled Membrane Bioreactor 502

19.2.3.3 Membrane Bioreactor Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 503

19.2.4 Electrocoagulation 504

19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506

19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507

Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513

20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515
Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao

20.1 Introduction 515

20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515

20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516

20.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 516

20.3.2 Microplastics 517

20.3.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent Bioaccumulated Toxics (PBTs) 519

20.3.4 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 520

20.4 Concluding Remarks 520

21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525
Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525

21.1 Introduction 525

21.1.1 Microconstituent Origin and Type 526

21.1.2 Refractory Nature and Corresponding Degradation Barriers of Microconstituents 527

21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530

21.2.1 Conventional Treatment Methods 530

21.2.2 Hybrid Treatment Methods 533

21.2.2.1 Hybrid Biochemical Processes 533

21.2.2.2 Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes 536

21.3 Future Outlook 540

21.4 Conclusions 540

22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545
Tsai Chi Kuo

22.1 Introduction 545

22.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 547

22.2.1 Collaboration 547

22.2.2 System Improvements 547

22.2.3 Supplier Evaluations 548

22.2.4 Performance and Uncertainty 548

22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549

22.3.1 Design Improvements 549

22.3.1.1 Disassembly and Recyclability 549

22.3.1.2 Modularity Design 549

22.3.1.3 Life-Cycle Design 550

22.3.2 Green Manufacturing 550

22.3.2.1 Green Manufacturing Process and System Development 550

22.3.2.2 Recycling Technology 551

22.3.2.3 Hazard Material Control 551

22.3.2.4 Remanufacturing and Inventory Model 551

22.3.3 Summary of Environmental Sustainability 551

22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552

22.4.1 Business Model and Performance 552

22.4.2 Summary of Economic Sustainability 553

22.5 Social Sustainability 553

22.5.1 Corporate Social Responsibility 553

22.5.2 Sustainable Consumption 554

22.5.3 Brief Summary of Social Sustainability 554

22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554

22.6.1 Future Research Development 555

22.6.2 Industry 4.0 in Sustainable Life 555

22.6.3 Conclusions 555

List of Abbreviations 565

Index 577

Authors

Rao Y. Surampalli Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (GIEES), USA. Tian C. Zhang University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA. Chih-Ming Kao National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan. Makarand M. Ghangrekar IIT Kharagpur, India. Puspendu Bhunia IIT Bhubaneswar, India. Manaswini Behera IIT Bhubaneswar, India. Prangya R. Rout Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute, India.