The Global Market for Direct Air Capture (DAC) 2023-2033

2.1 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
2.2 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
2.3 Key market barriers for CCUS

3.1 What is CCUS?
3.1.1 Carbon Capture
3.1.1.1 Source Characterization
3.1.1.2 Purification
3.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
3.1.2 Carbon Utilization
3.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
3.1.3 Carbon storage
3.1.3.1 Passive storage
3.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
3.2 The current Direct Air Capture (DAC) market
3.3 CCSUS Market map
3.4 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
3.4.1 Facilities
3.4.1.1 Operational
3.4.1.2 Under development/construction
3.5 CCUS Value Chain
3.6 Transporting CO2
3.6.1 Methods of CO2 transport
3.6.1.1 Pipeline
3.6.1.2 Ship
3.6.1.3 Road
3.6.1.4 Rail
3.6.2 Safety
3.7 Costs
3.7.1 Cost of CO2 transport
3.8 Carbon credits

4.1 CO2 capture from point sources
4.1.1 Transportation
4.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
4.1.3 By source
4.1.4 By endpoint
4.2 Main carbon capture processes
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Post-combustion
4.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
4.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
4.2.5 Pre-combustion

5.1 Technology description
5.1.1 Solid and liquid DAC
5.2 Advantages of DAC
5.3 Deployment
5.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
5.5 Technologies
5.5.1 Solid sorbents
5.5.2 Liquid sorbents
5.5.3 Liquid solvents
5.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
5.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
5.5.6 Direct conversion
5.5.7 Co-product generation
5.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
5.5.9 Regeneration methods
5.6 Commercialization and plants
5.7 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
5.8 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
5.9 Costs
5.10 Market challenges for DAC
5.11 Market prospects for direct air capture
5.12 Players and production
5.13 Co2 utilization pathways
5.14 Markets for DAC
5.14.1 Fuels
5.14.1.1 Overview
5.14.1.2 Production routes
5.14.1.3 Methanol
5.14.1.4 Algae based biofuels
5.14.1.5 CO2-fuels from solar
5.14.1.6 Companies
5.14.1.7 Challenges
5.14.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
5.14.2.1 Overview
5.14.2.2 Scalability
5.14.2.3 Plastics and polymers
5.14.2.4 Urea production
5.14.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.14.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
5.14.2.7 Companies
5.14.3 Construction materials
5.14.3.1 Overview
5.14.3.2 CCUS technologies
5.14.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
5.14.3.4 Additives during mixing
5.14.3.5 Concrete curing
5.14.3.6 Costs
5.14.3.7 Companies
5.14.3.8 Challenges
5.14.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.14.4.1 Overview
5.14.4.2 Applications
5.14.4.3 Companies
5.14.5 Food and feed production
5.14.6 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.14.6.1 Overview
5.14.6.2 CO2-EOR facilities and projects
5.15 Storage
5.15.1 CO2 storage sites
5.15.1.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
5.15.1.2 Oil and gas fields
5.15.1.3 Saline formations
5.15.2 Global CO2 storage capacity
5.15.3 Costs

Table 1. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples
Table 2. Key market barriers for CCUS
Table 3. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 4. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 5. CO2 capture technologies
Table 6. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 7. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 8. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
Table 9. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
Table 10. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 11. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 12. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 13. Point source examples
Table 14. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 15. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 16. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 17. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 18. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
Table 19. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 20. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 21. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 22. DAC companies and technologies
Table 23. DAC technology developers and production
Table 24. DAC projects in development
Table 25. Costs summary for DAC
Table 26. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 27. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 28. DAC companies and technologies
Table 29. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 30. Markets for DAC
Table 31. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 32. Microalgae products and prices
Table 33. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 34. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 35. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 36. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
Table 37. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 38. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 39. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 40. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 41. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 42. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food
Table 43. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 44. Storage and utilization of CO2
Table 45. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
Table 46. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects
Table 47. CO2 EOR/storage projects
Table 48. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
Table 49. Global storage capacity estimates, by region

Figure 1. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 2. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 3. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 4. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 5. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 6. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
Figure 11. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 12. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 13. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Figure 14. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 15. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 16. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 17. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
Figure 18. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021
Figure 19. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030
Figure 20. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030
Figure 21. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 22. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 23. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 24. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 25. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 26. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 27. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 28. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
Figure 29. DAC technologies
Figure 30. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 31. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 32. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 33. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 34. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 35. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 36. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 37. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 38. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 39. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 40. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 41. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 42. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 43. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 44. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 45. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 46. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 47. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 48. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 49. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process
Figure 50. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 51. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 52. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 53. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 54. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 55. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 56. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
Figure 57. Subsurface storage cost estimation
Figure 58. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 59. Carbonminer DAC technology
Figure 60. Carbon Blade system
Figure 61. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 62. Orca facility
Figure 63. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 64. Infinitree swing method
Figure 65. Audi/Krajete DAC unit
Figure 66. Neustark modular plant
Figure 67. 3D model of 100,000 tpa DAC plant
Figure 68. RepAir technology
Figure 69. Skytree pilot DAC unit
Figure 70. Soletair Power unit