The use of biotechnology to minimize waste and maximize resource valorization
In Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques, accomplished environmental researchers Drs. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari deliver a robust exploration of the role of biotechnology in reducing waste and creating a zero-waste environment. The editors provide resources covering perspectives in waste management like anaerobic co-digestion, integrated biosystems, immobilized enzymes, zero waste biorefineries, microbial fuel cell technology, membrane bioreactors, nano biomaterials, and more.
Ideal for sustainability professionals, this book comprehensively sums up the state-of-the-art biotechnologies powering the latest advances in zero-waste strategies. The renowned contributors address topics like bioconversion and biotransformation and detail the concept of the circular economy. Biotechnology for Zero Waste effectively guides readers on the path to creating sustainable products from waste. The book also includes: - A thorough introduction to modern perspectives on zero waste drives, including anaerobic co-digestion as a smart approach for enhancing biogas production - Comprehensive explorations of bioremediation for zero waste, biological degradation systems, and bioleaching and biosorption of waste - Practical discussions of bioreactors for zero waste and waste2energy with biotechnology - An in-depth examination of emerging technologies, including nanobiotechnology for zero waste and the economics and commercialization of zero waste biotechnologies
Perfect for process engineers, natural products, environmental, soil, and inorganic chemists, Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques will also earn a place in the libraries of food technologists, biotechnologists, agricultural scientists, and microbiologists.
Table of Contents
Foreword xxvii
Preface xxix
Part I Modern Perspective of Zero Waste Drives 1
1 Anaerobic Co-digestion as a Smart Approach for Enhanced Biogas Production and Simultaneous Treatment of Different Wastes 3
S. Bharathi and B. J. Yogesh
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Anaerobic Co-digestion (AcD) 5
1.3 Digester Designs 13
1.4 Digestate/Spent Slurry 14
1.5 Conclusion 15
References 15
2 Integrated Approaches for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Bioenergy from Waste 19
Chandan Kumar Sahu, Mukta Hugar, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Food Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Biogas 19
2.3 Dairy and Milk Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Biogas 22
2.4 Sugar and Starch Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Biogas 23
2.5 Wastewater for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Bioenergy 25
2.6 Integrated Approaches for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Bioenergy from Waste 27
2.7 Conclusions 28
References 28
3 Immobilized Enzymes for Bioconversion of Waste to Wealth 33
Angitha Balan, Vaisiri V. Murthy, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Enzymes as Biocatalysts 34
3.3 Immobilization of Enzymes 35
3.4 Bioconversion of Waste to Useful Products by Immobilized Enzymes 38
3.5 Applications of Nanotechnology for the Immobilization of Enzymes and Bioconversion 41
3.6 Challenges and Opportunities 43
Acknowledgments 43
References 44
Part II Bioremediation for Zero Waste 47
4 Bioremediation of Toxic Dyes for Zero Waste 49
Venkata Krishna Bayineni
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Background to Dye(s) 50
4.3 The Toxicity of Dye(s) 50
4.4 Bioremediation Methods 51
4.5 Conclusion 63
References 63
5 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 67
Tanmoy Paul and Nimai C. Saha
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Ubiquitous Heavy Metal Contamination - The Global Scenario 68
5.3 Health Hazards from Heavy Metal Pollution 69
5.4 Decontaminating Heavy Metals - The Conventional Strategies 71
5.5 Bioremediation - The Emerging Sustainable Strategy 72
5.6 Conclusion 78
References 79
6 Bioremediation of Pesticides Containing Soil and Water 83
Veena S. More, Allwin Ebinesar Jacob Samuel Sehar, Anagha P. Sheshadri, Sangeetha Rajanna, Anantharaju Kurupalya Shivram, Aneesa Fasim, Archana Rao, Prakruthi Acharya, Sikandar Mulla, and Sunil S. More
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Pesticide Biomagnification and Consequences 84
6.3 Ill Effects of Biomagnification 84
6.4 Bioremediation 85
6.5 Methods Used in Bioremediation Process 86
6.6 Bioremediation Process Using Biological Mediators 88
6.7 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 90
6.8 Future Perspectives 91
References 91
7 Bioremediation of Plastics and Polythene in Marine Water 95
Tarun Gangar and Sanjukta Patra
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Plastic Pollution: A Threat to the Marine Ecosystem 96
7.3 Micro- and Nanoplastics 96
7.4 Microbes Involved in the Degradation of Plastic and Related Polymers 99
7.5 Enzymes Responsible for Biodegradation 101
7.6 Mechanism of Biodegradation 102
7.7 Biotechnology in Plastic Bioremediation 104
7.8 Future Perspectives: Development of More Refined Bioremediation Technologies as a Step Toward Zero Waste Strategy 106
Acknowledgment 106
Conflict of Interest 107
References 107
Part III Biological Degradation Systems 111
8 Microbes and their Consortia as Essential Additives for the Composting of Solid Waste 113
Mansi Rastogi and Sheetal Barapatre
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Classification of Solid Waste 113
8.3 Role of Microbes in Composting 114
8.4 Effect of Microbial Consortia on Solid Waste Composting 116
8.5 Benefits of Microbe-Amended Compost 119
References 119
9 Biodegradation of Plastics by Microorganisms 123
Md. Anisur R. Mazumder, Md. Fahad Jubayer, and Thottiam V. Ranganathan
9.1 Introduction 123
9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics 124
9.3 Biodegradation of Plastics 128
9.4 Current Trends and Future Prospects 136
List of Abbreviations 137
References 138
10 Enzyme Technology for the Degradation of Lignocellulosic Waste 143
Swarrna Haldar and Soumitra Banerjee
10.1 Introduction 143
10.2 Enzymes Required for the Degradation of Lignocellulosic Waste 144
10.3 Utilizing Enzymes for the Degradation of Lignocellulosic Waste 150
10.4 Conclusion 150
References 150
11 Usage of Microalgae: A Sustainable Approach to Wastewater Treatment 155
Kumudini B. Satyan, Michael V. L. Chhandama, and Dhanya V. Ranjit
11.1 Introduction 155
11.2 Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment 158
11.3 Cultivation of Microalgae in Wastewater 162
11.4 Algae as a Source of Bioenergy 164
11.5 Conclusion 166
References 166
Part IV Bioleaching and Biosorption of Waste: Approaches and Utilization 171
12 Microbes and Agri-Food Waste as Novel Sources of Biosorbents 173
Simranjeet Singh, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, Vijay Kumar, Dhriti Kapoor, Vaishali Dhaka, and Joginder Singh
12.1 Introduction 173
12.2 Conventional Methods for Agri-Food Waste Treatment 175
12.3 Application of the Biosorption Processes 176
12.4 Use of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Agri-Food Waste 178
12.5 Biosorption Potential of Microbes and Agri-Food Waste 179
12.6 Modification, Parameter Optimization, and Recovery 180
12.7 Immobilization of Biosorbent 182
12.8 Conclusions 183
References 185
13 Biosorption of Heavy Metals and Metal-Complexed Dyes Under the Influence of Various Physicochemical Parameters 189
Allwin Ebinesar Jacob Samuel Sehar, Veena S. More, Amrutha Gudibanda Ramesh, and Sunil S. More
13.1 Introduction 189
13.2 Mechanisms Involved in Biosorption of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions and Dyes 191
13.3 Chemistry of Heavy Metals in Water 191
13.4 Chemistry of Metal-Complexed Dyes 192
13.5 Microbial Species Used for the Removal of Metals and Metal-Complexed Dyes 192
13.6 Industrial Application on the Biosorption of Heavy Metals 195
13.7 Biosorption of Reactive Dyes 198
13.8 Metal-Complexed Dyes 199
13.9 Biosorption of Metal-Complexed Dyes 200
13.10 Conclusion 203
References 203
14 Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic and Other Secondary Solid Waste by Bioleaching Approach 207
Dayanand Peter, Leonard Shruti Arputha Sakayaraj, and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan
14.1 Introduction 207
14.2 What Is Bioleaching? 208
14.3 E-Waste, What Are They? 210
14.4 Role of Microbes in Bioleaching of E-Waste 212
14.5 Application of Bioleaching for Recovery of Individual Metals 214
14.6 Large-Scale Bioleaching of E-Waste 215
14.7 Future Aspects 215
List of Abbreviations 216
References 216
Part V Bioreactors for Zero Waste 219
15 Photobiological Reactors for the Degradation of Harmful Compounds in Wastewaters 221
Naveen B. Kilaru, Nelluri K. Durga Devi, and Kondepati Haritha
15.1 Introduction 221
15.2 Photobiological Agents and Methods Used in PhotoBiological Reactors 222
15.3 Conclusion 238
Acknowledgment 238
References 239
16 Bioreactors for the Production of Industrial Chemicals and Bioenergy Recovery from Waste 241
Gargi Ghoshal
16.1 Introduction 241
16.2 Basic Biohydrogen-Manufacturing Technologies and their Deficiency 244
16.3 Overview of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors 246
16.4 Factors Affecting Biohydrogen Production in AnMBRs 248
16.5 Techniques to Improve Biohydrogen Production 252
16.6 Environmental and Economic Assessment of BioHydrogen Production in AnMBRs 253
16.7 Future Perspectives of Biohydrogen Production 253
16.8 Products Based on Solid-State Fermenter 253
16.9 Koji Fermenters for SSF for Production of Different Chemicals 257
16.10 Recent Research on Biofuel Manufacturing in Bioreactors Other than Biohydrogen 258
References 259
Part VI Waste2Energy with Biotechnology: Feasibilities and Challenges 263
17 Utilization of Microbial Potential for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Waste 265
Manisha Rout, Bithika Sardar, Puneet K. Singh, Ritesh Pattnaik, and Snehasish Mishra
17.1 Introduction 265
17.2 Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 268
17.3 Biological Pretreatment 271
17.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 276
17.5 Fermentation 277
17.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 279
References 280
18 Advancements in Bio-hydrogen Production from Waste Biomass 283
Shyamali Sarma and Sankar Chakma
18.1 Introduction 283
18.2 Routes of Production 285
18.3 Biomass as Feedstock for Biohydrogen 286
18.4 Factors Affecting Biohydrogen 288
18.5 Strategies to Enhance Microbial Hydrogen Production 292
18.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 297
References 297
19 Reaping of Bio-Energy from Waste Using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology 303
Senthilkumar Kandasamy, Naveenkumar Manickam, and Samraj Sadhappa
19.1 Introduction 303
19.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Components and Process 306
19.3 Application of Microbial Fuel Cell to the Social Relevance 309
19.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 311
References 311
20 Application of Sustainable Micro-Algal Species in the Production of Bioenergy for Environmental Sustainability 315
Senthilkumar Kandasamy, Jayabharathi Jayabalan, and Balaji Dhandapani
20.1 Introduction 315
20.2 Cultivation and Processing of Microalgae 317
20.3 Genetic Engineering for the Improvement of Microalgae 326
20.4 Conclusion and Challenges in Commercializing Microalgae 327
References 327
Part VII Emerging Technologies (Nano Biotechnology) for Zero Waste 329
21 Nanomaterials and Biopolymers for the Remediation of Polluted Sites 331
Minchitha K. Umesha, Sadhana Venkatesh, and Swetha Seshagiri
21.1 Introduction 331
21.2 Water Remediation 332
21.3 Soil Remediation 336
References 339
22 Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials for Sensing and Bioremediation of Pollutants 343
Satyam and S. Patra
22.1 Introduction 343
22.2 Synthesis and Surface Modification Strategies for Nanoparticles 345
22.3 Binding Techniques for Biofunctionalization of Nanoparticles 345
22.4 Commonly Functionalized Biomaterials and Their Role in Remediation 348
22.5 Biofunctionalized Nanoparticle-Based Sensors for Environmental Application 354
22.6 Limitation of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles for Environmental Application 355
22.7 Future Perspective 356
22.8 Conclusion 356
Acknowledgment 357
References 357
23 Biogeneration of Valuable Nanomaterials from Food and Other Wastes 361
Amrutha B. Mahanthesh, Swarrna Haldar, and Soumitra Banerjee
23.1 Introduction 361
23.2 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Using Food and Agricultural Waste 362
23.3 Synthesis of Bionanoparticles from Food and Agricultural Waste 362
23.4 Conclusion 365
Acknowledgments 365
References 365
24 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Agriculture and Horticulture Waste 369
Vinayaka B. Shet, Keshava Joshi, Lokeshwari Navalgund, and Ujwal Puttur
24.1 Introduction 369
24.2 Agricultural and Horticultural Waste 370
24.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticle 370
24.4 Characterization of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles 373
24.5 Applications of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles 375
References 377
25 Nanobiotechnology - A Green Solution 379
Baishakhi De and Tridib K. Goswami
25.1 Introduction 379
25.2 Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology - The Green Processes and Technologies 381
25.3 The Versatile Role of Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology 385
25.4 Nanotechnologies inWaste Reduction and Management 390
25.5 Conclusion 393
References 393
26 Novel Biotechnological Approaches for Removal of Emerging Contaminants 397
Sangeetha Gandhi Sivasubramaniyan, Senthilkumar Kandasamy, and Naveen kumar Manickam
26.1 Introduction 397
26.2 Classification of Emerging Contaminants 397
26.3 Various Sources of ECs 399
26.4 Need of Removal of ECs 400
26.5 Methods of Treatment of EC 400
26.6 Biotechnological Approaches for the Removal of ECs 401
26.7 Conclusion 406
References 407
Part VIII Economics and Commercialization of Zero Waste Biotechnologies 409
27 Bioconversion of Waste to Wealth as Circular Bioeconomy Approach 411
Dayanand Peter, Jaya Rathinam, and Ranganathan T. Vasudevan
27.1 Introduction 411
27.2 Biovalorization of Organic Waste 413
27.3 Bioeconomy Waste Production and Management 414
27.4 Concerns About Managing Food Waste in Achieving Circular Bioeconomy Policies 416
27.5 Economics of Bioeconomy 417
27.6 Entrepreneurship in Bioeconomy 417
27.7 Conclusion 418
List of Abbreviations 418
References 418
28 Bioconversion of Food Waste to Wealth - Circular Bioeconomy Approach 421
Rajam Ramasamy and Parthasarathi Subramanian
28.1 Introduction 421
28.2 Circular Bioeconomy 422
28.3 Food Waste Management Current Practices 424
28.4 Techniques for Bioconversion of Food Waste Toward Circular Bioeconomy Approach 425
28.5 Conclusion 435
References 435
29 Zero-Waste Biorefineries for Circular Economy 439
Puneet K. Singh, Pooja Shukla, Sunil K. Verma, Snehasish Mishra, and Pankaj K. Parhi
29.1 Introduction 439
29.2 Bioenergy, Bioeconomy, and Biorefineries 440
29.3 Bioeconomic Strategies Around the World 443
29.4 Challenging Factors and Impact on Bioeconomy 445
29.5 Effect of Increased CO2 Concentration, Sequestration, and Circular Economy 447
29.6 Carbon Sequestration in India 447
29.7 Methods for CO2 Capture 448
29.8 Conclusion and Future Approach 451
References 452
30 Feasibility and Economics of Biobutanol from Lignocellulosic and Starchy Residues 457
Sandesh Kanthakere
30.1 Introduction 457
30.2 Opportunities and Future of Zero Waste Biobutanol 458
30.3 Generation of Lignocellulosic and Starchy Wastes 459
30.4 Value Added Products from Lignocellulose and Starchy Residues 462
30.5 Conclusion 468
References 468
31 Critical Issues That Can Underpin the Drive for Sustainable Anaerobic Biorefinery 473
Spyridon Achinas
31.1 Introduction 473
31.2 Biogas - An Energy Vector 474
31.3 Anaerobic Biorefinery Approach 475
31.4 Technological Trends and Challenges in the Anaerobic Biorefinery 477
31.5 Perspectives Toward the Revitalization of the Anaerobic Biorefineries 482
31.6 Conclusion 485
Conflict of Interest 485
References 485
32 Microbiology of Biogas Production from Food Waste: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Needs 491
Vanajakshi Vasudeva, Inchara Crasta, and Sandeep N. Mudliar
32.1 Introduction 491
32.2 Fundamentals for Accomplishing National Biofuel Policy 492
32.3 Significances of Anaerobic Microbiology in Biogas Process 493
32.4 Microbiology and Physico-Chemical Process in AD 493
32.5 Pretreatment 496
32.6 Variations in Anaerobic Digestion 496
32.7 Factors Influencing Biogas Production 497
32.8 Application of Metagenomics 502
32.9 Conclusions and Future Needs 504
List of Abbreviations 504
References 505
Part IX Green and Sustainable future (Zero Waste and Zero Emissions) 507
33 Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel, Biolubricants, and Other Products 509
Murlidhar Meghwal, Harita Desai, Sanchita Baisya, Arpita Das, Sanghmitra Gade, Rekha Rani, Kalyan Das, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari
33.1 Introduction 509
33.2 Treatment 510
33.3 Evaluation of Waste Cooking Oil and Valorized Cooking Oil 511
33.4 Versatile Products as an Outcome of Valorized Waste Cooking Oil 512
33.5 Conclusion 516
References 517
34 Agri and Food Waste Valorization Through the Production of Biochemicals and Packaging Materials 521
A. Jagannath and Pooja J. Rao
34.1 Introduction 521
34.2 Importance 522
34.3 Worldwide Initiatives 522
34.4 Composition-Based Solutions and Approaches 523
34.5 Biochemicals 523
34.6 Biofuels 526
34.7 Packaging Materials and Bioplastics 526
34.8 Green Valorization 531
34.9 Conclusion 531
References 532
35 Edible Coatings and Films from Agricultural and Marine Food Wastes 543
C. Naga Deepika, Murlidhar Meghwal, Pramod K. Prabhakar, Anurag Singh, Rekha Rani, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari
35.1 Introduction 543
35.2 Sources of Food Waste 544
35.3 Film/Coating Made from Agri-Food Waste 545
35.4 Film/Coating Materials from Marine Biowaste 548
35.5 Film/Coating Formation Methods 550
35.6 Conclusion 552
References 553
36 Valorization of By-Products of Milk Fat Processing 557
Menon R. Ravindra, Monika Sharma, Rajesh Krishnegowda, and Amanchi Sangma
36.1 Introduction 557
36.2 Processing of Milk Fat and Its By-Products 558
36.3 Valorization of Buttermilk 558
36.4 Valorization of Ghee Residue 562
36.5 Conclusion 565
References 565
Index 569
