Space Physics and Aeronomy, Set. 5 Volumes. Geophysical Monograph Series

Table of Contents

Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 1, Solar Physics and Solar Wind

List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

1. The Solar Wind
Alexis P. Rouillard, Nicholeen Viall, Viviane Pierrard, Christian Vocks, Lorenzo Matteini, Olga Alexandrova, Aleida K. Higginson, Benoit Lavraud, Michael Lavarra, Yihong Wu, Rui Pinto, Alessandro Bemporad, and Eduardo Sanchez-Diaz 1

2. The Heating of the Solar Corona
Nicholeen M. Viall, Ineke De Moortel, Cooper Downs, James A. Klimchuk, Susanna Parenti, and Fabio Reale 35

3. Solar Magnetism and Radiation
Gordon Petrie, Serena Criscuoli, and Luca Bertello 83

4. Solar Energetic Particles
Christina M.S. Cohen, Gang Li, Glenn M. Mason, Albert Y. Shih, and Linghua Wang 133

5. Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections
Barbara J. Thompson, Jiong Qiu, Noe Lugaz, and David F. Webb 179

6. Fine-Scale Features of the Sun’s Atmosphere: Spicules and Jets
Alphonse C. Sterling 221

7. Solar Interior
Mark Linton, Mausumi Dikpati, and Rachel Howe 251

Index 301

Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 2, Magnetospheres in the Solar System

List of Contributors ix

Preface xvi

Part I: The Earth Magnetosphere 1

1 A Brief History of the Magnetosphere 3
David J. Southwood

2 Large-Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere 15
David G. Sibeck and Kyle R. Murphy

3 The Equations of the Magnetosphere 37
Herbert Gunell

Part II: Fundamental Processes 47

4 Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail 49
Tsugunobu Nagai

5 Turbulence and Complexity of Magnetospheric Plasmas 67
Marius Echim, Tom Chang, Peter Kovacs, Anna Wawrzaszek, Emiliya Yordanova, Yasuhito Narita, Zoltan Vörös, Roberto Bruno, Wieslaw Macek, Kalevi Mursula, and Giuseppe Consolini

6 Wave--Particle Interactions in the Earths Magnetosphere 93
Richard M. Thorne, Jacob Bortnik, Wen Li, and Qianli Ma

7 Cross-Scale Energy Transport in Space Plasmas: Applications to the Magnetopause Boundary 109
Katariina Nykyri, Xuanye Ma, and Jay Johnson

Part III: Solar Wind--Magnetosphere Coupling 123

8 Solar Wind Interaction with Earths Bow Shock 125
Georges. K. Parks, Ensang Lee, Zhongwei W. Yang, Naiguo Lin, Suiyan Y. Fu, and Ying Liu

9 The Magnetosheath 137
Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, and Zoltán Vörös

10 Dayside Magnetopause Processes 153
Stephen A. Fuselier

11 The Polar Cusps of the Earths Magnetosphere 163
Benoit Lavraud and Karlheinz J. Trattner

12 The Earths Low-Latitude Boundary Layer 177
Takuma K. M. Nakamura

Part IV: Magnetosphere--Ionosphere Coupling 193

13 Field-Aligned Currents in the Magnetosphere--Ionosphere 195
Hermann Lühr and Guram Kervalishvili

14 Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Transport 207
Andrew W. Yau, Takumi Abe, Mats André, Andrew D. Howarth, and William K. Peterson

15 Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetosphere 219
Mats André, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, and Andrew W. Yau

16 Magnetosphere--Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitating Electrons and Ionospheric Conductance 229
George V. Khazanov, David G. Sibeck, and Mike Chu

Part V: The Dynamic Magnetosphere 243

17 Magnetotail Processes 245
Joachim Birn, Andrei Runov, and Yuri Khotyaintsev

18 The Active Magnetosphere: Substorms and Storms 277
Yukitoshi Nishimura and Larry R. Lyons

19 The Northward IMF Magnetosphere 293
Robert C. Fear

20 A Brief Review of the Ring Current and Outstanding Problems 311
Raluca Ilie, Muhammad Fraz Bashir, and Elena A. Kronberg

21 Source, Loss, and Transport of Energetic Particles Deep Inside Earths Magnetosphere (L < 4) 323
Xinlin Li, Richard S. Selesnick, Hong Zhao, Daniel N. Baker, J. Bernard Blake, and Michael A. Temerin

22 The Plasmasphere: Its Interactions and Dynamics 335
Fabien Darrouzet, Dennis L. Gallagher, and Johan De Keyser

23 Impact of Ionospheric Ions on Magnetospheric Dynamics 353
Elina A. Kronberg, Elena E. Grigorenko, Raluca Ilie, Lynn Kistler, and Dan Welling

Part VI: Planetary Magnetic Fields 365

24 Planetary Magnetic Fields 367
Karl-Heinz Glassmeier and Daniel Heyner

Part VII: Induced Magnetospheres 391

25 Induced Magnetospheres: Mars 393
Jasper S. Halekas, Janet G. Luhmann, Eduard Dubinin, and Yingjuan Ma

26 Induced Magnetospheres: Titan 407
César Bertucci

27 Birth of a Magnetosphere 427
Hans Nilsson, Etienne Behar, James L. Burch, Christopher M. Carr, Anders I. Eriksson, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Pierre Henri, Marina Galand, Charlotte Goetz, Herbert Gunell, and Tomas Karlsson

28 Induced Magnetospheres: Atmospheric Escape 441
David A. Brain

Part VIII: Giant Planet Magnetospheres 453

29 The Magnetodisk Regions of Jupiter and Saturn 455
Nicholas Achilleos, Patick Guio, Flavien Hardy, Chris Paranicas, and Arianna M. Sorba

30 Fast Rotating Magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn Plasma Sources, Loss and Transport 471
Abigail M. Rymer

31 Gas Giant Magnetosphere--Ionosphere--Thermosphere Coupling 485
Licia C. Ray and Japheth N. Yates

32 The Radiation Belts of Jupiter and Saturn 499
Elias Roussos and Peter Kollmann

33 Asymmetrical Magnetospheres: Uranus and Neptune 515
Christopher S. Arridge and Carol Paty

Part IX: Mini-magnetospheres and Moon--Magnetosphere Interactions 535

34 A Dungey Cycle in the Life of Mercurys Magnetosphere 537
James A. Slavin, Suzanne M. Imber, and Jim M. Raines

35 The Magnetosphere of Ganymede 557
Xianzhe Jia and Margaret G. Kivelson

36 Overview of Moon--Magnetosphere Interactions 575
Joachim Saur

Part X: Investigating Magnetospheric Processes 595

37 Global Simulations 597
Joachim Raeder, Kai Germaschewski, William D. Cramer, and John Lyon

38 Kinetic Modeling in the Magnetosphere 607
Stefano Markidis, Vyacheslav Olshevsky, Gábor Tóth, Yuxi Chen, Ivy Bo Peng, Giovanni Lapenta, and Tamas Gombosi

39 Data-Based Modeling of the Earth's Magnetic Field 617
Nikolai Tsyganenko, Varvara Andreeva, Marina Kubyshkina, Mikhail Sitnov, and Grant Stephens

40 Multispacecraft Measurements In The Magnetosphere 637
Malcolm W. Dunlop, TieYan Wang, XiangCheng Dong, Stein Haarland, QuanQi Shi, HuiShan Fu, Johan De Keyser, Chao Shen, ZhaoJin Rong, Christophe Phillippe Escoubet, ZuYin Pu, and Jonathan Eastwood

41 Exploring Small Scales with MMS 657
James L. Burch and Kyoung-Joo Hwang

42 Global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imaging of Magnetospheres 673
Pontus C. Brandt

43 Laboratory Experiments: Putting Space into the Lab 699
Mark Koepke

Part XI: Future Directions 715

44 Challenges in Modeling the Outer Magnetosphere 717
Gábor Tóth, Yuxi Chen, Zhenguang Huang, and Bart van der Holst

45 Does a Magnetosphere Protect the Ionosphere? 729
Romain Maggiolo and Herbert Gunell

46 Some Unsolved Problems of Magnetospheric Physics 743
Michael H. Denton

47 Instigators of Future Change in Magnetospheric Research 753
Michael W. Liemohn, Amy M. Keesee, L. Kepko, and Mark B. Moldwin

Index 765

Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 3, Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 1

1 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3
Cheryl Huang

2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21
Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott

3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49
Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren

4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67
Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster

5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83
Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. Brambles

Part II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 115

6 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117
John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson

7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127
Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik

8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139
Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly Streltsov

Part III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 159

9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161
Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute

10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185
Joe D. Huba

11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201
Roland T. Tsunoda

12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281
Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou

13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301
Xiaoli Luan

Part IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 313

14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315
Takashi Kikuchi

15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339
Shun-Rong Zhang

16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369
Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella

17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401
Endawoke Yizengaw

18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421
Yuichi Otsuka

Part V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 439

19 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441
Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway

20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493
Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen

21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511
Kosuke Heki

22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527
Michael P. Hickey

Index 543

Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere

1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere
Arthur D. Richmond 3

2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System
Young-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 19

3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects
Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 41

4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere
Yue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 65

5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo
Astrid Maute 79

Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition

6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere
Alan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 107

7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere
Yongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 115

8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective
Edwin Mierkiewicz 135

Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves

9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides
Jeffrey M. Forbes 159

10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere
Jia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 183

11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation
Yasunobu Miyoshi 217

Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability

12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly
Jiuhou Lei 229

13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review
Jing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 239

14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Liying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 253

15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Huixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 275

16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes
Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 301

17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere
Jan Lastovicka 325

Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation

18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density
Tomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345

Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations

19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results
Jiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 367

20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars
Chiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 395

21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design
Jeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 451

22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design
Jeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 469

23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing
Larry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487

Index 523

Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 5, Space Weather Effects and Applications

List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

Introduction: Space Weather Underlies Reliable Technologies 1
Louis J. Lanzerotti, Philip J. Erickson, and Anthea J. Coster

1. Effects of Space Radiation on Contemporary Space]Based Systems I: Single Event Upsets, Spacecraft Charging, Degradation of Electronics, and Attenuation on Fiber Cabling 3
Daniel N. Baker and Michael Bodeau

2. Effects of Space Radiation on Contemporary Space]Based Systems II: Spacecraft Internal and External Charging and Discharging Effects 13
Michael Bodeau and Daniel N. Baker

3. Effects of Space Radiation on Humans in Space Flight 63
Lawrence W. Townsend

4. Space Weather Radiation Effects on High]Altitude/]Latitude Aircraft 79
Christopher J. Mertens and W. Kent Tobiska

5. Remaining Issues in Upper Atmosphere Satellite Drag 111
Jeffrey P. Thayer, W. Kent Tobiska, Marcin D. Pilinski, and Eric K. Sutton

6. Solar Radio Burst Effects on Radio] and Radar]Based Systems 141
Dale E. Gary and Timothy S. Bastian

7. Space Weather Influences on HF, UHF, and VHF Radio Propagation 153
Gary S. Bust, William Liles, and Cathryn Mitchell

8. GNSS/GPS Degradation from Space Weather 165
Anthea J. Coster and Endawoke Yizengaw

9. Geomagnetic Field Impacts on Ground Systems 183
John Kappenman and William Radasky

Epilogue: The Road to Future Progress in Space Weather Understanding 215
Philip J. Erickson, Louis J. Lanzerotti, and Anthea J. Coster

Index 217