Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19

Table of Contents

Preface

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. Hand hygiene strategies

2. Approved vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic: Linking in future perspectives

3. Molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 variant detection

Section B: Management

4. Systematic patient assessment for acute respiratory tract ailments (SPARTA): A simple tool to improve outcomes from COVID-19

5. Point of care ultrasound for coronavirus disease 2019: The multiorgan approach to COVID-19

6. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Features and guidelines

7. Management of COVID-19 and clinical nutrition

8. The management of head and neck cancer in COVID-19

9. The COVID-19 pandemic: Inventory management and allocation of personal protective
equipment

10. Clinical management in the COVID-19 pandemic: Rheumatic disease

11. Managing migraines during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian experience

12. Managing acute ischemic stroke in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

13. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on patients with hypertension

14. Neurosurgical trauma management during COVID-19 restrictions

15. The COVID-19 pandemic and management of weight gain: Implications for obesity

16. COVID-19 and the management of heart failure using telemedicine

Section C: Guidelines for different treatment clinics

17. Guidelines for breast imaging in the COVID-19 pandemic

18. Vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): Diagnosis, guidelines,
and reporting

19. Lung cancer in the era of COVID-19

20. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children/pediatric inflammatory multisystem
syndrome: Clinical guidelines

Section D: Impact on the respiratory system

21. Ground-glass nodules in the lungs of COVID-19 patients

22. Cardiothoracic imaging in patients affected by COVID-19

23. Cystic fibrosis and bronchial epithelial cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection

24. Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the lung parenchyma following SARS-CoV-2 infection

25. Long noncoding RNA profiling in respiratory specimens from COVID-19 patients

26. COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism

27. The usefulness of the alveolar-arteriolar gradient during the COVID-19 pandemic

Section E: Effects on cardiovascular and hematological systems

28. Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19: An overview

29. Limb ischemia and COVID-19

30. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: A new narrative

31. COVID-19 myocarditis: Features of echocardiography

32. COVID-19 lockdown and impact on arrhythmias

33. Cardiometabolic disease and COVID-19: A new narrative

34. Postrecovery COVID-19 and interlinking diabetes and cardiovascular events

35. COVID-19 patients and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

36. Sars-CoV-2 infection in different hematological patients

Section F: Effects on body systems

37. Dermatological reactions associated with personal protective equipment use during
the COVID-19 pandemic

38. Hemodialysis patients, effects of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine response

39. Coinfections with COVID-19: A focus on tuberculosis (TB)

40. Patients with autoimmune liver disease and the impact of Sars-COV-2 infection

41. COVID-19 severity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

42. Changes in obesity and diabetes severity during the COVID-19 pandemic at Virginia
Commonwealth University health system

43. The diabetic patient and concomitant conditions rhinoorbital-cerebral mucormycosis
and COVID-19

44. Tissue location of SARS-CoV-2 RNA: A focus on bone and implications for skeletal health

45. Linking between gastrointestinal tract effects of COVID-19 and tryptophan metabolism

46. Organ damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: A focus on acute kidney injury

47. Obesity, COVID-19 severity, and mortality

48. Upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations of COVID-19

49. The COVID-19 survivors: Impact on skeletal muscle strength

Section G: Case studies with mini review

50. A case report: COVID-19 meningoencephalitis and intracranial hemorrhage

51. Case study: Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19

52. Case study: COVID-19 pneumonia presented with cavitary lesions

53. Case study: Optic neuritis in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Section H: Resources

54. Recommended resources relevant to the body systems involvement
and management of COVID-19

Authors

Rajkumar Rajendram Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood Patel Reader, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Westminster, London, UK. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.