An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation

An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation provides a comprehensive understanding of non-ionizing radiation (NIR), exploring its uses and potential risks. The information is presented in a simple and concise way to facilitate easy understanding of relevant concepts and applications. Chapters provide a summary and include relevant equations that explain NIR physics. Other features of the book include colorful illustrations and detailed reference lists. With a focus on safety and protection, the book also explains how to mitigate the adverse effects of non-ionizing radiation with the help of ANSI guidelines and regulations.

An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation comprises twelve chapters, each explaining various aspects of non-ionizing radiation, including:

Fundamental concepts of non-ionizing radiation including types and sources
Interaction with matter
Electromagnetic fields
The electromagnetic wave spectrum (UV, visible light, IR waves, microwaves and radio waves)
Lasers
Acoustic waves and ultrasound
Regulations for non-ionizing radiation.

Risk management of non-ionizing radiation

The book is intended as a primer on non-ionizing radiation for a broad range of scholars and professionals in physics, engineering and clinical medicine.

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Dedication
List of Contributors

Chapter 1 Introduction and Classification of Radiation

Muhammad Maqbool
Introduction
Electromagnetic and Mechanical Waves
Types of Radiation
Bohr Atomic Model
Excitation and De-Excitation
Ionization
Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
The Energy of Radiation and the Human Body
The Quantitative Difference Between Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
Ionization Produced by Electron or Β-Rays
Ionization by Other Charged Particles and Neutrons
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Types and Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 2 Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation and Its Interaction With

Matter
Bushra Intakhab and Muhammad Maqbool
Introduction
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Static Fields
Ultrasound
Extremely Low Frequency (Elf)
Radio Frequencies
Microwave Frequencies
Infrared
Visible Spectrum
Ultraviolet
Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Natural Sources
Artificial Sources
Summary of Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Interaction of Nonionizing Radiation
Mechanism of Interaction
Static Field Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Static Fields
Static Magnetic Field Interaction and Biological Effects
Ultrasound Waves’ Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Ultrasound Waves
Extremely Low-Frequency (Elf) Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation
Radiofrequency and Microwave Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave
Infrared and Visible Radiation Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Infrared and Visible Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation (Uvr) Interaction With Tissue
Biological Health Effects of Uvr
Conclusion
References

Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation

Md. Kamal Hossain and Mohammad R. Haider
Introduction
Electromagnetic Fields
Electrostatics
Coulomb’S Law
Electric Field
Gauss’S Law for Electric Fields
Magneto-Statics
Ampere’S Law
Magnetic Field
Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields
Electrodynamics
Ampere-Maxwell Equations
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’S Equations
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Radiation
Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Source of Electromagnetic Radiation
Forms of Non-Ionizing Radiation
Forms of Ionizing Radiation
Extremely Low Frequency
Radio Frequency
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma-Rays
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

Chapter 4 Ultraviolet Radiation: Benefits, Harms, and Protection

Jabari Robinson, Rahima Begum and Muhammad Maqbool
Introduction
Types of Uv Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Type a (Uva)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type B (Uvb)
Ultraviolet Radiation Type C (Uvc)
Extreme Ultraviolet Light (Euv)
Interaction of Ultraviolet Radiation With Tissues
Benefits and Uses of Uv Radiation
Vitamin D Production
Impact of Vitamin D Levels on Covid-19 Mortality Rate
Tanning
Uv Laser in the Eye Surgery
Other Benefits of Uv Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards
Erythema (Sunburn)
Premature Aging of the Skin
Suppression of the Immune System (Aids)
Skin Cancer
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Ultraviolet Index and Skin Damage
Personal Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Skin Color
Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
Damage to the Eyes
Cataracts Formation
Photokeratitis and Photo Conjunctivitis
Macular Degeneration and Pterygium
Eye Skin Cancer
Global Burden of Disease Assessment
Protection from Uv Radiation
Factors Affecting Uv Radiation Reaching the Ground
Cover Up With Clothing
Wear a Hat and Use Lip Balm
Use Sunscreen
Apply Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen
Sun Protection Factor (Spf)
Wear Sunglasses
Tips About Sunglasses and Uv Exposure
Peripheral Vision, Contact Lenses, and Uv Protection
Children Receive More Uv Than Adults
Uv Devices and Engineering Controls
Other Common Uv Devices in Labs
Administrative Controls
Accident Investigations
Conclusion
References

Chapter 5 Visible Light: Benefits and Harms

Robert Heath and Muhammad Maqbool
Introduction
What is Visible Light?
Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Daily Life Phenomena Based on Visible Light
How Do We See Objects Around Us?
How We See Colors?
Why Red Light Can Be Seen from Far in Fog as Compared to Blue Light?
Common Uses and Benefits of Visible Light
Astronomy
Visible Laser Applications
Digital Screens
Sunlight
Light Bulb
Glow Sticks
Leds
Firecrackers
Television
Harmful Effects of Visible Light on the Human Body
Threats to the Eye
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Amd)
Cataracts
Damage to the Eyes
Chronic Blue Light-Induced Retinal Injury
Threats to the Skin
Standards for Protection Against Visible Light Exposures
Hierarchy of Exposure Controls
Elimination and Substitution
Engineering and Environmental Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (Ppe)
Protections from the Hazards of Visible Light Exposure
Safe Practices - Ppe Expanded
Eyewear
Face Shields
Gloves
Lab Coat
Caution / Warning Signs Associated With Light Emitting Hazards
Additional Information About the Effects of Visible Light
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

Chapter 6 Laser and Safety from Laser Beams

Hatem Aldeeb and Muhammad Maqbool
Introduction
Laser Physics
Stimulated Emission
Conditions for Stimulated Emission
Gain Medium
Population Inversion
Metastable State

Author

Muhammad Maqbool