Bunker Fuel Market Size and Share Outlook - Forecast Trends and Growth Analysis Report (2025-2034)

The global bunker fuel market reached 4.54 Million B/d in 2024. The market is further expected to grow at a CAGR of 1.80% in the forecast period of 2025-2034 to reach a value of about 5.43 Million B/d.

Global Bunker Fuel Market Growth

Bunker fuel refers to the fuel used in ships, especially large vessels like tankers and cargo ships, derived from the residue of crude oil distillation. Common types include High Sulfur Fuel Oil (HSFO), Very Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (VLSFO), Marine Gas Oil (MGO), and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Bunker fuels offer several benefits including cost-effectiveness, with fuels like HSFO being cheaper to produce. Their high energy density allows ships to operate efficiently over vast ocean routes without frequent refuelling.

The bunker fuel demand growth is being fuelled by the increased development of hydrogen resources in offshore areas. Additionally, the rising need for bunker fuel in product tankers and crude oil transportation is playing a significant role in expanding the market. Moreover, the growth of marine trade, spurred by heightened import and export activities, is further contributing to this trend.

Global Bunker Fuel Market Analysis

The bunker fuel industry growth is being boosted by the increasing adoption of LNG. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is gaining traction as a bunker fuel due to its lower environmental impact compared to traditional fuels. LNG emits significantly fewer pollutants, including sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), making it a popular option for shipping companies aiming to comply with environmental regulations and reduce their carbon footprint.

The bunker fuel market dynamics and trends are influenced by the integration of digital technologies, including AI and blockchain, which optimise fuel consumption and enhance supply chain transparency. Digital tools such as real-time fuel monitoring, route optimization software, and automated engine tuning are helping ships reduce fuel usage and improve operational efficiency. These innovations are driving demand for bunker fuels that optimize performance and support sustainability goals.

The shipping industry is also exploring renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to supplement traditional bunker fuels. Hybrid systems that integrate renewable energy with conventional marine engines are under development, offering the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions. These advancements are part of a broader effort to decarbonise the maritime industry and reduce its environmental footprint, further driving the demand of bunker fuel market.

Bunker Fuel Industry Outlook

According to the UNCTAD secretariat, between 2002 and 2022, international maritime trade expanded significantly across various cargo types. In 2002, main bulk cargo, such as coal and iron ore, accounted for approximately 17.00 trillion ton-miles, while oil contributed around 12.00 trillion ton-miles, and container trade stood at about 3.00 trillion ton-miles. Gas trade reached nearly 1.00 trillion ton-miles, with chemicals at 2.00 trillion. By 2005, main bulk rose to 20.00 trillion ton-miles, oil to 13.00 trillion, container trade to 5.50 trillion, gas to 1.00 trillion, and chemicals to 2.00 trillion ton-miles. This upward trend continued in 2010, with main bulk growing to 24.00 trillion ton-miles, oil reaching 14.50 trillion, containers climbing to 7.00 trillion, gas at 2.50 trillion, and chemicals at 3.50 trillion ton-miles. In 2015, the main bulk increased to 28.00 trillion ton-miles, oil maintained around 15.00 trillion, container trade advanced to 13.50 trillion, gas rose to 6.50 trillion, and chemicals to 4.50 trillion. By 2020, main bulk had expanded to 32.00 trillion ton-miles, oil to 17.00 trillion, container trade to 14.50 trillion, gas to 7.50 trillion, and chemicals to 5.00 trillion ton-miles. In 2021, main bulk reached 32.50 trillion, oil 15.50 trillion, containers 15.00 trillion, gas 8.00 trillion, and chemicals 5.50 trillion ton-miles. In 2022, the trade for main bulk reached 33.00 trillion ton-miles, oil at 16.00 trillion, containers at 15.50 trillion, gas at 8.50 trillion, and chemicals at 6.00 trillion ton-miles. Increasing maritime trade is boosting the bunker fuel industry revenue through heightened fuel demand as more vessels operate and transport larger cargo volumes over longer distances.

The shipping industry remains a major consumer of bunker fuel, driving the bunker fuel market demand.

• Well-developed supply chains and infrastructure for traditional fuels like HFO and MGO provide market stability.
• Innovations in low-sulfur and alternative fuels improve compliance with environmental standards.

Bunker fuel is associated with significant pollution, facing criticism and stricter regulations.

• Fuel prices fluctuate due to geopolitical tensions and market instability, affecting profitability.
• Transitioning to cleaner fuel alternatives like LNG or biofuels involves significant upfront investments.

The shift towards LNG and alternative fuels opens new bunker fuel market opportunities.

• Advancements in fuel-efficient engines and scrubbers present growth potential.
• Expansion in global trade and port infrastructure supports long-term growth.

Stricter emissions regulations may increase operational costs for companies reliant on traditional fuels.

• Growing interest in renewable energy sources may challenge the dominance of conventional bunker fuel.
• Political instability in key oil-producing regions can disrupt the supply of bunker fuel.

Key Players in the Global Bunker Fuel Market and Their Key Initiatives

ExxonMobil Corporation

• Collaborating with Wallenius Wilhelmsen to supply sustainable marine biofuel, cutting emissions by 30%.
• Explored a green hydrogen and ammonia hub in Norway's Slagen terminal for low-carbon shipping.

Royal Dutch Shell plc.

• Expanded its LNG bunkering services in key ports to promote cleaner marine fuels.
• Launched trials of biofuel blends to reduce carbon emissions in bunker fuel.

BP Plc

• Partnered with Circtec to produce renewable bunker fuel from tyre waste, supporting decarbonization goals.
• Launched low-sulfur marine fuels in response to IMO 2020 regulations for cleaner emissions.

Global Bunker Fuel Industry Segmentation

“Global Bunker Fuel Market Report and Forecast 2025-2034” offers a detailed analysis of the market based on the following segments:

Market Breakup by Type

• Distillate Fuel
• Residual Fuel

Market Breakup by Fuel Grade

• High Sulphur Fuel Oil (HSFO)
• Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (VLSFO)
• Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• Other

Market Breakup by Commercial Distributors

• Oil Majors
• Large Independent
• Small Independent

Market Breakup by End Use

• Containers
• Bulk Carriers
• General Cargo
• Tankers
• Others

Market Breakup by Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia-Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East and Africa

Bunker Fuel Market Share

marine diesel oil (mdo) is becoming a significant driver in the growth of the bunker fuel industry, over high sulfur fuel oil (hsfo) for several key reasons, largely due to regulatory changes and environmental concerns. One of the primary factors boosting MDO’s growth is compliance with the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2020 regulations, which mandate that ships must use fuels with a sulfur content of no more than 0.5%. HSFO, with its higher sulfur content, is restricted in most regions unless ships are fitted with costly scrubber systems to reduce emissions.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is increasingly driving the demand of bunker fuel market over very low sulfur fuel oil (vlsfo) due to several key advantages, particularly around environmental benefits, and long-term sustainability. One of the most significant factors is LNG’s ability to significantly reduce harmful emissions compared to VLSFO. LNG emits lower levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter, making it a much cleaner alternative. As the maritime industry faces growing pressure to reduce its environmental impact, LNG provides a better option for meeting both current and future emission regulations.

Leading Companies in the Bunker Fuel Market

The companies specialise in the exploration, production, and distribution of oil and gas, as well as providing a range of energy solutions, including refining, marketing, and the development of renewable energy sources.

• ExxonMobil Corporation
• Royal Dutch Shell plc.
• BP Plc
• Total SA
• Chevron Corporation
• Neste Oyj
• Others