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Immuno-Oncology Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

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    Report

  • 168 Pages
  • January 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Fairfield Market Research
  • ID: 5924982
Cancer, a relentless global health challenge, is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, following cardiovascular disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 8.3 million lives are claimed by cancer annually, with approximately 70% of new cancer cases expected to be reported over the next two decades.

Rising Prevalence of Cancer and Personalized Medicine Driving Demand for Immuno-Oncology Treatments

With over 60 percent of new cancer cases occurring in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and 70 percent of cancer deaths concentrated in these regions, there is a pressing need for effective cancer treatments. Each type of cancer demands unique immuno-oncology therapies. The increasing prevalence of cancer, coupled with the demand for personalized medicine, is anticipated to fuel the global immuno-oncology market.

Technological Advancements Paving the Way for Immuno-Oncology Therapy

Immuno-oncology therapy holds significant promise for cancer treatment. Recent breakthroughs in drug discovery and development highlight its potential in revolutionizing cancer therapy. Advances in clinical trials and FDA approvals of immuno-oncology therapies are fostering the integration of advanced technologies into the field.

Western countries have embraced immuno-oncology therapies due to their well-tolerated adverse event profile compared to conventional chemotherapy. The surge in demand for innovative immuno-oncology therapies is propelling global market growth.

Companion Diagnostics and Predictive Biomarkers Shaping the Future

Biomarkers and pharmacogenomics play a pivotal role in identifying patient responses to immuno-oncology therapy-based treatments. This knowledge maximizes treatment benefits. Companies are actively involved in co-developing companion diagnostics and gaining regulatory approvals for use alongside immuno-oncology therapies, further bolstering market growth.

Manufacturing Challenges Impacting Product Availability

Manufacturers of immuno-oncology therapy-based treatments face complexity in production, limiting the number of organizations capable of providing the solutions sought by drug developers. Contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) are working to expand their capabilities to manufacture complex immunotherapies. These challenges, along with the high cost of immuno-oncology therapy-based treatments, are expected to impact market growth.

Analysts’ Viewpoint

Our analysts observe that the global immuno-oncology market is experiencing impressive growth, with North America and Europe leading the demand. Developed countries such as the U.S., Mexico, and Germany are witnessing increased acceptance of immuno-oncology therapy-based treatments.

The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness robust growth due to rising cancer prevalence and the preference for immuno-oncology therapies over chemotherapy. Additionally, the demand for biomarker-based immuno-oncology therapy and growing awareness of early cancer detection and treatment are driving market growth.

However, challenges such as high drug pricing, development costs, and limited technical expertise may hinder market growth.

Key Segments of the Immuno-Oncology Market

This report divides the immuno-oncology market into four critical segments: therapy type, therapeutic area, end user, and region. It offers comprehensive insights into the market dynamics and growth factors associated with these categories.

Therapy Type

  • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
  • PD-1
  • PD-L1
  • CTLA-4
  • Immune System Modulators
  • Cancer Vaccines
  • Oncolytic Virus
  • Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)

Therapeutic Area

  • Melanoma
  • Lung Cancer
  • Blood Cancers
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Other Cancers

End User

  • Hospitals
  • Clinics
  • Ambulatory Surgical Centers

Region

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa


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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
3.1. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.1.1. Key Highlights
3.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
3.1.1.1.1. PD-1
3.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
3.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
3.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
3.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
3.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
3.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
3.2. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.2.1. Key Highlights
3.2.1.1. Melanoma
3.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
3.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
3.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
3.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
3.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
3.2.1.7. Other Cancers
3.3. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.3.1. Key Highlights
3.3.1.1. Hospitals
3.3.1.2. Clinics
3.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
3.4. Global Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.4.1. Key Highlights
3.4.1.1. North America
3.4.1.2. Europe
3.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.4.1.4. Latin America
3.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4. North America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
4.1. North America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
4.1.1.1.1. PD-1
4.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
4.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
4.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
4.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
4.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
4.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
4.2. North America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Melanoma
4.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
4.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
4.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
4.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
4.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
4.2.1.7. Other Cancers
4.3. North America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Hospitals
4.3.1.2. Clinics
4.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
4.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.4. North America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. U.S. Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.2. U.S. Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.3. U.S. Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.4. Canada Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.5. Canada Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.6. Canada Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. Europe Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
5.1. Europe Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
5.1.1.1.1. PD-1
5.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
5.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
5.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
5.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
5.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
5.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
5.2. Europe Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Melanoma
5.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
5.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
5.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
5.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
5.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
5.2.1.7. Other Cancers
5.3. Europe Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Hospitals
5.3.1.2. Clinics
5.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.4. Europe Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Germany Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.2. Germany Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.3. Germany Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.4. U.K. Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.5. U.K. Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.6. U.K. Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.7. France Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.8. France Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.9. France Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.10. Italy Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.11. Italy Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.12. Italy Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.13. Turkey Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.14. Turkey Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.15. Turkey Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.16. Russia Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.17. Russia Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.18. Russia Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
6.1. Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
6.1.1.1.1. PD-1
6.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
6.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
6.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
6.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
6.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
6.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
6.2. Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Melanoma
6.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
6.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
6.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
6.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
6.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
6.2.1.7. Other Cancers
6.3. Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Hospitals
6.3.1.2. Clinics
6.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.4. Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. China Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.2. China Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.3. China Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.4. Japan Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.5. Japan Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.6. Japan Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.7. South Korea Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.8. South Korea Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.9. South Korea Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.10. India Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.11. India Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.12. India Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
7.1. Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
7.1.1.1.1. PD-1
7.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
7.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
7.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
7.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
7.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
7.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
7.2. Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.2.1.1. Melanoma
7.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
7.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
7.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
7.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
7.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
7.2.1.7. Other Cancers
7.3. Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Hospitals
7.3.1.2. Clinics
7.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.4. Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Brazil Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.2. Brazil Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.3. Brazil Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.4. Mexico Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.5. Mexico Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.6. Mexico Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.7. Argentina Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.8. Argentina Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.9. Argentina Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
8.1. Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
8.1.1.1.1. PD-1
8.1.1.1.2. PD-L1
8.1.1.1.3. CTLA-4
8.1.1.2. Immune System Modulators
8.1.1.3. Cancer Vaccines
8.1.1.4. Oncolytic Virus
8.1.1.5. Others (Immune Cell Therapy, etc.)
8.2. Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Melanoma
8.2.1.2. Lung Cancer
8.2.1.3. Blood Cancers
8.2.1.4. Renal Cell Carcinoma
8.2.1.5. Prostate Cancer
8.2.1.6. Bladder Cancer
8.2.1.7. Other Cancers
8.3. Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Hospitals
8.3.1.2. Clinics
8.3.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.4. Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. GCC Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.2. GCC Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.3. GCC Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.4. South Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.5. South Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.6. South Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.7. Egypt Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.8. Egypt Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.9. Egypt Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.10. Nigeria Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.11. Nigeria Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.12. Nigeria Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapy, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by Therapeutic Area, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Immuno-Oncology Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Competitive Landscape
9.1. By Distribution Channel vs by Therapeutic Area Heat map
9.2. Manufacturer vs by Therapeutic Area Heatmap
9.3. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.4. Competitive Dashboard
9.5. Company Profiles
9.5.1. Amgen, Inc.
9.5.1.1. Company Overview
9.5.1.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.1.3. Financial Overview
9.5.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.2. AstraZeneca Plc
9.5.2.1. Company Overview
9.5.2.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.2.3. Financial Overview
9.5.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.3. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
9.5.3.1. Company Overview
9.5.3.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.3.3. Financial Overview
9.5.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.4. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
9.5.4.1. Company Overview
9.5.4.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.4.3. Financial Overview
9.5.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.5. Merck & Co., Inc.
9.5.5.1. Company Overview
9.5.5.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.5.3. Financial Overview
9.5.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.6. Novartis AG
9.5.6.1. Company Overview
9.5.6.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.6.3. Financial Overview
9.5.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.7. Pfizer Inc.
9.5.7.1. Company Overview
9.5.7.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.7.3. Financial Overview
9.5.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.5.8. Sanofi.
9.5.8.1. Company Overview
9.5.8.2. Product Portfolio
9.5.8.3. Financial Overview
9.5.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
10. Appendix
10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

  • Amgen, Inc.
  • AstraZeneca Plc
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
  • F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
  • Merck & Co., Inc.
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Sanofi.

Methodology

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