Moving Toward Nonanimal Approaches in Medical Research and Testing pioneers a single-source guide for researchers regarding nonanimal research tools and methodologies and their many advantages and applications in place of animals. This book is presented in three parts: historical, ethical, legislative, and scientific contexts on the need to shift away from animal-based research and testing; the latest advances in nonanimal tools and methods for biomedical research and testing of human therapeutics and other compounds, including microphysiological systems, bioprinting, biobanks, and artificial intelligence; and achieving a practical shift toward these powerful approaches, including advocacy for legal, regulatory, and policy change, securing funding for nonanimal studies, and how to overcome bias against nonanimal methods. This book, primarily directed to researchers in biomedicine, human medical therapeutics, and toxicology, will also appeal to researchers in industry, providing overview and insights about the latest applications of nonanimal research tools and methods for product development and testing. Clinicians who wish to understand the reliability of testing therapeutics with nonanimal versus animal methods, as well as advocacy groups seeking an up-to-date understanding of ethical, economic, political, and scientific considerations in moving toward nonanimal approaches, will also find significant value in this text. Finally, legislators and those involved in regulatory review and oversight will benefit from this single comprehensive source for developing a basic understanding of nonanimal research and human safety.
Table of Contents
PART 1: THE NEED TO MOVE AWAY FROM ANIMAL-BASED RESEARCH AND TESTING: HISTORICAL, ETHICAL, LEGISLATIVE, AND SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT1. Philosophical and religious foundations of animal-based research
2. Legislative history of animal-based research
3. Lack of reliability, validity, translatability of animal-based research
4. Animal, financial, and human costs of animal research
5. The individual and systemic preference for animal-based methods: Animal methods bias in publishing and funding
PART 2: ADVANCES IN NONANIMAL METHODS FOR RESEARCH AND TESTING
6. Organoids
7. Microphysiological systems
8. In Silico modeling, supercomputing
9. Bioprinting
10. Other potential topics
11. Human subjects as alternatives to animal subjects in medical research
PART 3: ACHIEVING A PRACTICAL SHIFT TOWARD NONANIMAL-BASED RESEARCH AND TESTING
12. Mitigation efforts in the United States: Overcoming the inertia against nonanimal research
13. International Mitigation efforts: Overcoming the inertia against nonanimal research
14. The industry perspective
15. Getting grants for nonanimal studies
16. Publishing nonanimal studies
17. Building trust in nonanimal methods through standardization, validation, benchmarking, reporting
Authors
Gail A. Van Norman Professor Emeritus, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, USA.Gail A. Van Norman is a Professor Emeritus of the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle. She is an academic clinician/ethicist who has spent over 35 years in clinical practice and published a number of articles regarding the ethics and background of animal research as well as regulatory issues in pharmaceutical research and the failure of animal studies to provide effective scientific translation to human medicine. Her reviews of animal and nonanimal research published in JACC Basic to Translational Science have been among the most highly read, downloaded, and cited articles throughout the journal's history. She has been an invited speaker at national and international meetings regarding the issues of animal research and translational science failures.
Catharine E. Krebs Medical Research Specialist, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, USA. Catharine E. Krebs is a medical research specialist at the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a United States-based organization of physicians and laypersons that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in research and medical training. Her biomedical research training is in human genetics, but she has worked in animal research advocacy and policy for over four years. In her work, she advocates for the National Institutes of Health to fund and conduct the most responsible and effective biomedical practices and has authored over 20 public comments and Congressional statements for the record. She also leads an effort to address animal methods bias in publishing by developing resources for authors and by engaging with journal editors and peer reviewers. She has been an invited speaker at national and international meetings regarding research policy and advancing nonanimal research approaches.
