Organic Electroluminescence provides a comprehensive overview of organic electroluminescent materials from their history to the outlook of improved device performance. Divided into four parts, each section of the book covers important aspects of OLEDs such as device development, film properties, molecular electronics, and structure-activity relationships. The book also depicts correlations between device performance and molecular and device structure. An entire chapter is devoted to improving device performance in real world applications using AI.
Featuring contributions from experts from around the world, Organic Electroluminescence discusses sample topics including: - Fundamental concepts such as parameters, testing methods, and applications - Device fabrication techniques including electrode processing, organic layer deposition, encapsulation, light out-coupling enhancement, and spectral narrowing - Physical and chemical processes in OLEDs including charge injection and transport, exciton generation and decay, and reversible dipole reorientation - Physical and chemical properties of organic semiconductors in solutions and thin-films including photoluminescence quantum yield and excited-state lifetime - Single-molecule simulations including vertical transition, nonradiative decay, spin-orbital and spin-phonon coupling, and bond dissociation energy
Organic Electroluminescence delivers advanced information for professionals seeking a thorough reference on the subject and for students learning about OLEDs.
Table of Contents
Part I. Devices and Processing
Chapter: 1 Fundamentals of OLED
1.1 Brief History
1.2 Device Structure
1.2.1 Substrates and Electrodes
1.2.2 Organic Functional Layers
1.2.3 Passive and Active Matrix Addressing
1.2.4 Bottom- and Top-Emitting Devices
1.2.5 Inverted Devices
1.2.6 Tandem Devices
1.3 Parameters of OLEDs and their Testing Methods
1.3.1 Emission Spectrum and CIE Coordinate
1.3.2 Current Density-Voltage-Luminance Characteristics
1.3.3 Current Efficiency, Power Efficiency, and External Quantum Efficiency
1.3.4 Light Out-Coupling Efficiency
1.3.5 Device Lifetime
1.4 Application
1.4.1 Flexible Display
1.4.2 Transparent Displays
1.4.3 Microdisplay
1.4.4 Lighting
Chapter: 2 Device Fabrication Techniques
2.1 Electrodes Processing
2.1.1 Metal Film, Grid and Nanowire
2.1.2 ITO
2.1.3 Polymer
2.1.4 Graphene
2.2 Organic Layer Deposition
2.2.1 Vacuum Deposition
2.2.2 Solution Processing (spin coating, inkjet printing, blade coating)
2.3 Encapsulation
2.4 Light Out-Coupling Enhancement
2.5 Spectral Narrowing
2.5.1 Filter
2.5.2 Wavelength Conversion Layer
2.5.3 Microcavity
Part II. Physical and Chemical Aspects of Molecular Semiconductors
Chapter: 3 Physical and Chemical Processes in OLEDs
3.1 Charge Injection and Transport
3.2 Exciton Generation and Decay
3.3 Energy Transfer
3.4 Exciton-Exciton and Exciton-Polaron Annihilation
3.5 Reversible Dipole Reorientation
3.6 Electrochemical Reactions
3.7 Photochemical Reactions
Chapter 4: Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Semiconductors in Solutions and Thin-Films
4.1 Emission Spectrum
4.2 Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
4.3 Excited-State Lifetime
4.4 Singlet and Triplet Energy Levels
4.5 Oxidation and Reduction Potentials
4.6 Charge Carriers Mobility
4.7 Polarized Light Emission
4.8 Thermal-Stability (thermal decomposition temperature and glass-transition temperature)
4.9 UV Light-Stability
4.10 Electrochemistry-Stability
Chapter 5: Correlation of Thin-Film Properties with Device Performance
5.1 Deviation of Electroluminescence Spectrum from Photoluminescence Spectrum
5.2 Factors Impacting on Current Density-Voltage Characteristics
5.3 Factors Impacting on Device Efficiency (at different current density)
5.4 Factors Impacting on Device Lifetime
5.5 Polarized Electroluminescence
Part III. Molecular Electronics and Photonics
Chapter 6: Basic Physical Parameters of Single Molecule
6.1 Zero-Zero Energies of Low-Lying Excited States
6.2 Radiative Decay Rate
6.3 Internal Conversion Rate
6.4 Intersystem Crossing Rate
6.5 Ionization Potential (IP) and Electron Affinity (EA)
6.6 Dipole Moment
Chapter 7: Molecular Interactions in Organic Semiconductor Thin-films
7.1 Bimolecular Processes
7.2 Parameters Impacting on Carrier Transport
7.3 Parameters Impacting on Energy Transfer Rate
7.4 A Classification of Upconversion Pathways
7.5 Parameters Impacting on Phosphorescence Yield
7.6 Parameters Impacting on TADF Yield
7.7 Dynamics of Intermolecular Interaction and its Influence on Physical Parameters
Chapter 8: Quantum-Chemical Insight into Structure-Property Relationships
8.1 Geometric and Electronic Configurations
8.2 Atomic Orbitals, Molecular Orbitals, and Electronic States
8.3 Rotational Levels and Vibrational Levels
8.4 Transition between States
8.5 Allowed and Forbidden Transitions (oscillator strength and transition dipole moment)
8.6 Coulomb Integral and Exchange Integral
8.7 Orbital Overlap Integral
8.8 Electronic Coupling and Transfer Integral
8.9 Franck-Condon Principle
8.10 Excited-State Relaxation
8.11 Energy Gap Law for Internal Conversion
8.12 Spin-Orbital Coupling and Heavy Atomic Effect
8.13 Pathways for Nonradiative Decay
8.14 Exciplex and Excimer
8.15 Bipolar Molecules
Part IV. Simulation Methods
Chapter 9: Single Molecule Simulation
9.1 Geometric and Electronic Structures of Ground-, Oxidation-, Reduction-, and Excited-States
9.2 Vertical Transition
9.3 Nonradiative Decay
9.4 Energy Difference between S1 and T1
9.5 Spin-Orbital Coupling
9.6 Spin-Phonon Coupling
9.7 Oxidation and Reduction Potentials
9.8 Reorganization Energy
9.9 Luminescence Quantum Yield
9.10 Bond Dissociation Energy
Chapter 10: Condensed-Matter Simulation
10.1 Bimolecular Arrangement
10.2 Energy Levels of Dimer
10.3 Molecular Orientation
10.4 Chain Structure of Polymer
10.5 Solid-State Solvation
10.6 Charge Carriers Mobility
10.7 Chemical Reaction Path
Chapter 11: Prediction of Device Performance from Materials and Device Structure
11.1 Outlook: From Molecular Structure to Device Performance
11.2 Missing Links in Theory
11.3 Finding New Strategies for Improving Device Performances by AI
