The Global Advanced Battery and Energy Storage Market 2026-2036

1.1 The Li-ion Battery Market
1.2 The new battery policy landscape: geopolitics, national security, and defence demand
1.3 Global Market Forecasts to 2036
1.3.1 Addressable markets
1.3.2 Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh)
1.3.2.1 Battery Chemistry Distribution by Vehicle Type 2036
1.3.2.2 OEM Strategies 2036
1.3.3 Li-ion battery market value for XEV ($B)
1.3.3.1 Market Value Dynamics
1.3.3.2 Price Trajectory Drivers
1.3.4 Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
1.3.4.1 Technology Roadmap
1.3.4.2 Competitive Positioning
1.3.4.3 Technology Evolution 2025-2036
1.3.5 Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B)
1.3.5.1 Pricing Dynamics
1.3.6 Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
1.3.7 Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh)
1.3.7.1 Growth Analysis
1.3.8 Sodium-ion battery market value ($B)
1.3.8.1 Pricing Analysis
1.3.8.2 Profitability Outlook for Sodium-Ion Manufacturers
1.3.9 Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand
1.3.9.1 Market Transition Analysis
1.3.9.2 Long-Term Outlook (Post-2036)
1.3.9.3 Why Beyond Li-ion Remains Limited Through 2036
1.3.9.4 Market Share Trajectories by Technology
1.3.10 BEV car cathode forecast (GWh)
1.3.11 BEV anode forecast (GWh)
1.3.12 BEV anode forecast ($B)
1.3.13 EV cathode forecast (GWh)
1.3.14 EV Anode forecast (GWh)
1.3.15 Advanced anode forecast (GWh)
1.3.16 Advanced anode forecast (S$B)
1.3.16.1 Market Dynamics 2036
1.4 The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries
1.4.1 Electric vehicles
1.4.1.1 Market overview
1.4.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles
1.4.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks
1.4.1.3.1 Electric medium and heavy duty trucks
1.4.1.3.2 Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs)
1.4.1.3.3 Electric buses
1.4.1.3.4 Micro EVs
1.4.1.4 Electric off-road
1.4.1.4.1 Construction vehicles
1.4.1.4.2 Electric trains
1.4.1.4.3 Electric boats
1.4.1.5 Off-highway machines: construction, agriculture and mining
1.4.1.6 Market demand and forecasts
1.4.1.7 Market Analysis
1.4.1.7.1 BEV Passenger Cars - Dominant Segment
1.4.1.7.2 PHEV Passenger Cars - Transitional Technology:
1.4.1.7.3 Profitability Analysis 2036
1.4.1.7.4 Electric Buses
1.4.1.7.5 Delivery Vans
1.4.1.7.6 Medium-Duty Trucks
1.4.1.7.7 Heavy-Duty Trucks
1.4.1.7.8 Micro-EVs
1.4.1.7.8.1 Micro-EV Market Overview
1.4.2 Grid storage
1.4.2.1 Market overview
1.4.2.2 Technologies
1.4.2.3 Market demand and forecasts
1.4.2.4 Utility-Scale Grid Storage
1.4.2.4.1 Application Categories
1.4.2.5 Key Market Drivers
1.4.2.6 Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage
1.4.2.6.1 Application Categories:
1.4.2.7 Residential Grid Storage
1.4.2.7.1 Application Categories
1.4.2.7.2 Market Outlook
1.4.3 Consumer electronics
1.4.3.1 Market overview
1.4.3.2 Technologies
1.4.3.3 Market demand and forecasts
1.4.4 Stationary batteries
1.4.4.1 Market overview
1.4.4.2 Technologies
1.4.4.3 Market demand and forecasts
1.5 Market drivers
1.6 Battery market megatrends
1.7 Advanced materials for batteries
1.8 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium
1.9 Battery chemistries

2.1 Types of Lithium Batteries
2.2 Anode materials
2.2.1 Graphite
2.2.2 Lithium Titanate
2.2.3 Lithium Metal
2.2.4 Silicon anodes
2.3 SWOT analysis
2.4 Trends in the Li-ion battery market
2.5 Li-ion technology roadmap
2.6 Silicon anodes
2.6.1 Benefits
2.6.2 Silicon anode performance
2.6.3 Development in li-ion batteries
2.6.3.1 Manufacturing silicon
2.6.3.2 Commercial production
2.6.3.3 Costs
2.6.3.4 Value chain
2.6.3.5 Markets and applications
2.6.3.5.1 EVs
2.6.3.5.2 Consumer electronics
2.6.3.5.3 Energy Storage
2.6.3.5.4 Portable Power Tools
2.6.3.5.5 Emergency Backup Power
2.6.3.6 Future outlook
2.6.4 Consumption
2.6.4.1 By anode material type
2.6.4.2 By end use market
2.6.4.3 Market Segment Analysis
2.6.4.3.1 Passenger EVs
2.6.4.3.2 Commercial EVs
2.6.4.3.3 Consumer Electronics
2.6.4.3.4 Stationary Storage
2.6.4.3.5 Industrial & Others
2.6.5 Alloy anode materials
2.6.6 Silicon-carbon composites
2.6.7 Silicon oxides and coatings
2.6.8 Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion
2.6.9 Graphene coatings for Li-ion
2.6.10 Prices
2.6.10.1 Price Trend Analysis and Drivers
2.6.10.1.1 Natural Graphite
2.6.10.1.2 Synthetic Graphite
2.6.10.1.3 Silicon-Graphite Composite
2.6.10.1.4 Silicon-Dominant
2.6.10.1.5 Lithium Metal
2.6.10.1.6 Lithium Titanate/LTO
2.6.11 Companies
2.7 Li-ion electrolytes
2.8 Cathodes
2.8.1 Materials
2.8.1.1 High and Ultra-High nickel cathode materials
2.8.1.1.1 Types
2.8.1.1.2 Benefits
2.8.1.1.3 Stability
2.8.1.1.4 Single Crystal Cathodes
2.8.1.1.5 Commercial activity
2.8.1.1.6 Manufacturing
2.8.1.1.7 High manganese content
2.8.1.2 Zero-cobalt NMx
2.8.1.2.1 Overview
2.8.1.2.2 Ultra-high nickel, zero-cobalt cathodes
2.8.1.2.3 Extending the operating voltage
2.8.1.2.4 Operating NMC cathodes at high voltages
2.8.1.3 Lithium-Manganese-Rich (Li-Mn-Rich, LMR-NMC)
2.8.1.3.1 Li-Mn-rich cathodes LMR-NMC
2.8.1.3.2 Stability
2.8.1.3.3 Energy density
2.8.1.3.4 Commercialization
2.8.1.3.5 Hybrid battery chemistry design for manganese-rich
2.8.1.4 Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) - LCO
2.8.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) - LFP
2.8.1.6 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) - LMO
2.8.1.7 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) - NMC
2.8.1.8 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) - NCA
2.8.1.9 Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)
2.8.1.10 Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)
2.8.1.10.1 Key characteristics
2.8.1.10.2 LMFP energy density
2.8.1.10.3 Costs
2.8.1.10.4 Saft phosphate-based cathodes
2.8.1.10.5 Commercialization
2.8.1.10.6 Challenges
2.8.1.10.7 LMFP (lithium manganese iron phosphate) market
2.8.1.10.8 Companies
2.8.1.11 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)
2.8.1.11.1 Overview
2.8.1.11.2 High-voltage spinel cathode LNMO
2.8.1.11.3 LNMO energy density
2.8.1.11.4 Cathode chemistry selection
2.8.1.11.5 LNMO (lithium nickel manganese oxide) high-voltage spinel cathodes cost
2.8.1.12 Graphite and LTO
2.8.1.13 Silicon
2.8.1.14 Lithium metal
2.8.2 Alternative Cathode Production
2.8.2.1 Production/Synthesis
2.8.2.2 Commercial development
2.8.2.3 Recycling cathodes
2.8.3 Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials
2.8.4 Emerging cathode material synthesis methods
2.8.5 Cathode coatings
2.9 Binders and conductive additives
2.9.1 Materials
2.10 Separators
2.10.1 Materials
2.11 High-Performance Lithium-Ion Systems: Approaching 350 Wh/kg
2.11.1 Energy Density Evolution and Current State
2.11.2 Pathways to 350 Wh/kg
2.11.2.1 Cathode Advances
2.11.2.2 Anode Advances
2.11.2.2.1 Silicon-Graphite Composites (20-40% Si)
2.11.2.2.2 Silicon-Dominant Anodes (50-80% Si)
2.11.2.2.3 Lithium Metal Anodes
2.11.2.3 Electrolyte and Cell Design Optimization
2.11.3 Performance Projections and Technology Roadmap
2.11.3.1 Critical Dependencies and Risk Factors
2.11.4 Commercial Deployment Timeline
2.12 Silicon-carbon composite anodes
2.12.1 Technology architecture and performance characteristics
2.12.2 Manufacturing scale-up
2.12.3 Market forecast
2.12.4 Key commercial players
2.13 PFAS-Free Battery Additives and Regulatory Transitions
2.13.1 Global Regulatory Trend Analysis
2.13.2 PFAS Materials in Current Battery Manufacturing
2.13.3 Non-PFAS Cathode Binders - The Critical Challenge
2.13.4 Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Technologies
2.13.4.1 Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) and Lithium Polyacrylate (Li-PAA)
2.13.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Modified Cellulose Derivatives
2.13.4.3 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Acrylamide Copolymers
2.13.4.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Synthetic Rubber Derivatives
2.13.4.5 Hybrid and Composite Binder Systems
2.13.5 PFAS in Electrolyte Additives - Critical Performance Trade-offs
2.13.5.1 Major PFAS Electrolyte Additives
2.13.6 Market Analysis
2.13.6.1 Battery additives market forecast and structural shifts
2.13.6.2 Dry electrode processing and its binder implications
2.13.6.3 Path to the first PFAS-free commercial Li-ion cell
2.14 Platinum group metals
2.15 Li-ion battery market players
2.16 Li-ion recycling
2.16.1 Comparison of recycling techniques
2.16.2 Hydrometallurgy
2.16.2.1 Method overview
2.16.2.1.1 Solvent extraction
2.16.2.2 SWOT analysis
2.16.3 Pyrometallurgy
2.16.3.1 Method overview
2.16.3.2 SWOT analysis
2.16.4 Direct recycling
2.16.4.1 Method overview
2.16.4.1.1 Electrolyte separation
2.16.4.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
2.16.4.1.3 Binder removal
2.16.4.1.4 Relithiation
2.16.4.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
2.16.4.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
2.16.4.2 SWOT analysis
2.16.5 Other methods
2.16.5.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
2.16.5.2 Electrochemical Method
2.16.5.3 Ionic Liquids
2.16.6 Recycling of Specific Components
2.16.6.1 Anode (Graphite)
2.16.6.2 Cathode
2.16.6.3 Electrolyte
2.16.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
2.16.7.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
2.16.8 Companies
2.17 Global revenues
2.17.1 Passenger EVs
2.17.2 Commercial EVs
2.17.2.1 Electric Buses
2.17.2.2 Medium & Heavy-Duty Trucks
2.17.2.3 Light Commercial Vehicles/Vans
2.17.2.4 Two/Three-Wheeler EVs
2.17.3 Consumer Electronics
2.17.4 Stationary Storage
2.17.5 Industrial Applications
2.17.6 Other Applications
2.18 EV Battery Cell and Pack Materials Outlook
2.18.1 Cathode materials: the LFP/LMFP and high-nickel bifurcation
2.18.2 Anode materials: silicon rises, graphite persists
2.18.3 Other cell materials
2.18.4 Pack materials: the aluminium-to-composite transition
2.18.5 Supply chain localisation and material-security considerations

3.1 Technology description
3.2 Solid-state batteries and lithium metal anodes
3.3 Increasing energy density
3.4 Lithium-metal anodes
3.4.1 Overview
3.5 Challenges
3.6 Energy density
3.7 Anode-less Cells
3.7.1 Overview
3.7.2 Benefits
3.7.3 Key companies
3.8 Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries
3.9 Hybrid batteries
3.10 Applications
3.11 SWOT analysis
3.12 Product developers

4.1 Technology description
4.2 Operating principle of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries
4.2.1 Advantages
4.2.2 Challenges
4.2.3 Commercialization
4.3 Costs
4.4 Material composition
4.5 Lithium intensity
4.6 Value chain
4.7 Markets
4.8 SWOT analysis
4.9 Global revenues
4.9.1 Key Insights and Technology Status
4.9.1.1 Commercial Status
4.10 Product developers

5.1 Technology description
5.1.1 Lithium titanate oxide (LTO)
5.1.2 Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)
5.1.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide
5.1.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes
5.2 Global revenues
5.2.1 Application Analysis
5.2.1.1 Electric Buses
5.2.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
5.2.1.3 Consumer Electronics
5.2.1.4 Industrial Equipment
5.2.1.5 Grid Frequency Regulation
5.3 Future Outlook
5.4 Product developers

6.1 Technology description
6.1.1 Cathode materials
6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides
6.1.1.1.1 Types
6.1.1.1.2 Cycling performance
6.1.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages
6.1.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB
6.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials
6.1.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages
6.1.1.2.2 Types
6.1.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB
6.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
6.1.1.3.1 Types
6.1.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
6.1.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB
6.1.2 Anode materials
6.1.2.1 Hard carbons
6.1.2.2 Carbon black
6.1.2.3 Graphite
6.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
6.1.2.5 Graphene
6.1.2.6 Alloying materials
6.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates
6.1.2.8 Sodium Metal
6.1.3 Electrolytes
6.2 Comparative analysis with other battery types
6.3 Cost comparison with Li-ion
6.4 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells
6.5 SWOT analysis
6.6 Global revenues
6.6.1 Market Analysis by Application
6.6.1.1 Low-Cost EVs
6.6.1.2 Grid Energy Storage
6.6.1.3 E-bikes and Light EVs
6.6.1.4 Consumer Electronics
6.7 Market Growth Drivers
6.8 Technology Roadmap
6.9 Future Outlook
6.10 Product developers
6.10.1 Battery Manufacturers
6.10.2 Large Corporations
6.10.3 Automotive Companies
6.10.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms

7.1 Technology description
7.2 Applications
7.3 SWOT analysis

8.1 Technology description
8.1.1 Aluminium-Ion Battery Fundamentals
8.2 SWOT analysis
8.3 Commercialization
8.4 Global revenues
8.4.1 Market Analysis by Application
8.5 Product developers

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Technology description
9.2.1 Solid-state electrolytes
9.3 Features and advantages
9.4 Technical specifications
9.5 Types
9.6 Technology Readiness and Manufacturing Status
9.6.1 Manufacturing Process Comparison
9.6.2 Critical Manufacturing Challenges and Solutions
9.6.2.1 Interface Engineering (Most Critical Challenge)
9.6.2.2 Moisture Sensitivity (Sulfide Systems)
9.6.2.3 Pressure Management (Oxide and Some Sulfide Systems)
9.7 Automotive OEM Strategies and Deployment Timelines
9.7.1 Deployment
9.7.1.1 OEM Strategic Considerations
9.8 Microbatteries
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 Materials
9.8.3 Applications
9.8.4 3D designs
9.8.4.1 3D printed batteries
9.9 Bulk type solid-state batteries
9.10 SWOT analysis
9.11 Limitations
9.12 Global revenues
9.13 Commercialization Timeline
9.14 Product developers

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Architecture
10.3 Applications
10.3.1 Electric Vehicle Applications
10.3.2 Aerospace and Aviation
10.3.3 Consumer Electronics and Portable Devices
10.3.4 Construction and Infrastructure
10.4 Technical Challenges
10.4.1 Energy Density Limitations
10.4.2 Long-term Mechanical and Electrochemical Stability
10.5 Supply chain
10.6 Market Forecasts
10.7 Safety Considerations
10.7.1 Safety Challenges
10.8 Environmental profile of structural battery composites

11.1 Technology description
11.2 Technical specifications
11.2.1 Approaches to flexibility
11.3 Flexible electronics
11.4 Flexible materials
11.5 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
11.6 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
11.7 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
11.7.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs
11.7.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs
11.7.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs
11.7.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs
11.7.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
11.7.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
11.8 Flexible Li/S batteries
11.8.1 Components
11.8.2 Carbon nanomaterials
11.9 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li-MnO2) batteries
11.10 Flexible zinc-based batteries
11.10.1 Components
11.10.1.1 Anodes
11.10.1.2 Cathodes
11.10.2 Challenges
11.10.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn-Mn) batteries
11.10.4 Flexible silver-zinc (Ag-Zn) batteries
11.10.5 Flexible Zn-Air batteries
11.10.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
11.11 Fiber-shaped batteries
11.11.1 Carbon nanotubes
11.11.2 Types
11.11.3 Applications
11.11.4 Challenges
11.12 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
11.13 SWOT analysis
11.14 Global revenues
11.15 Companies

12.1 Technology description
12.2 Components
12.3 SWOT analysis
12.4 Market outlook

13.1 Technology description
13.2 Components
13.3 SWOT analysis
13.4 Market outlook
13.5 Product developers

14.1 Technical specifications
14.2 Components
14.3 Design
14.4 Key features
14.5 Printable current collectors
14.6 Printable electrodes
14.7 Materials
14.8 Applications
14.9 Printing techniques
14.10 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
14.11 Zinc-based printed batteries
14.12 3D Printed batteries
14.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
14.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries
14.12.2.1 Electrode materials
14.12.2.2 Electrolyte Materials
14.13 SWOT analysis
14.14 Global revenues
14.15 Product developers

15.1 Technology description
15.2 Market Overview
15.3 Technology Benchmarking - Chemistry Comparison
15.4 Chemistry Selection Matrix by Application
15.5 Component Technologies and Cost Reduction Pathways
15.6 Component Innovation
15.6.1 Membranes
15.6.2 Bipolar Plates
15.6.3 Electrolyte Cost Reduction
15.7 Types
15.7.1 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
15.7.1.1 Technology description
15.7.1.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.1.3 Market players
15.7.2 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)
15.7.2.1 Technology description
15.7.2.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.2.3 Market players
15.7.3 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)
15.7.3.1 Technology description
15.7.3.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.4 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)
15.7.4.1 Technology description
15.7.4.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.4.3 Market players
15.7.5 All-Iron flow batteries
15.7.5.1 Technology description
15.7.5.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.5.3 Market players
15.7.6 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
15.7.6.1 Technology description
15.7.6.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.6.3 Market players
15.7.7 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
15.7.7.1 Technology description
15.7.7.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.8 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
15.7.8.1 Technology description
15.7.8.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.8.3 Market players
15.7.9 Organic flow batteries
15.7.9.1 Technology description
15.7.9.2 SWOT analysis
15.7.9.3 Market players
15.7.10 Emerging Flow-Batteries
15.7.10.1 Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries
15.7.10.2 Solar Redox Flow Batteries
15.7.10.3 Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries
15.7.10.4 Metal-CO2 Batteries
15.7.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries
15.7.11.1 Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries
15.7.11.1.1 Technology description
15.7.11.2 Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries
15.7.11.2.1 Technology description
15.7.11.3 Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries
15.7.11.3.1 Technology description
15.7.11.4 Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries
15.7.11.4.1 Technology description
15.7.11.5 Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries
15.7.11.5.1 Technology description
15.7.12 Carbon dioxide (CO2) redox flow batteries
15.7.12.1 Chemistry and operating principle
15.8 Markets for redox flow batteries
15.8.1 Primary Market Drivers
15.8.1.1 Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Integration
15.8.1.2 Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) Policy Support
15.8.1.3 Grid Stability and Resilience Requirements
15.8.1.4 Data Center and Telecommunications Backup Power (Emerging Driver)
15.9 Global revenues
15.10 Key Trends
15.11 Regional Market Analysis and Capacity Distribution
15.11.1 China
15.11.2 North America
15.11.3 Europe
15.12 Long-duration energy storage (LDES) positioning
15.13 Levelised cost of storage: RFB vs Li-ion LFP by duration
15.14 Policy frameworks supporting RFB deployment
15.15 Market forecast to 2036 by chemistry and region

16.1 Technology description
16.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries
16.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries
16.1.3 Zinc-bromide
16.2 Market outlook
16.3 Product developers

17.1 Introduction to electric off-highway machines
17.1.1 Advantages and barriers to machine electrification
17.1.2 Electrification drivers differ by segment
17.2 Electric construction machines
17.3 Electric agriculture machines
17.4 Electric mining machines
17.5 Battery requirements of electric off-highway machines
17.5.1 Battery sizing
17.5.2 Battery power and discharge rates
17.5.3 Charging rates
17.5.4 Voltage architecture
17.5.5 Lifetime and cycle-life requirements
17.6 Turnkey battery technologies and benchmarking
17.7 Battery suppliers and case studies
17.7.1 Turnkey pack manufacturers
17.7.2 Acquisitions, spin-outs and restructurings
17.8 Future battery technologies for off-highway machines
17.9 Global off-highway battery market forecast
17.10 Outlook

18.1 C&I BESS applications and market overview
18.1.1 Battery storage for data centres
18.1.2 Battery storage for 5G and 6G telecommunications base stations
18.1.3 Battery storage for EV charging infrastructure
18.1.4 Battery storage at construction, agriculture and mining sites
18.1.5 Battery storage for other C&I applications
18.2 C&I BESS technology landscape
18.3 The US LFP manufacturing transition: 45X, FEOC, and tariff dynamics
18.4 Li-ion C&I BESS cost structure
18.5 Key players and competitive landscape
18.6 Market outlook

19.1 Overview
19.2 Applications
19.2.1 Machine Learning
19.2.1.1 Overview
19.2.2 Material Informatics
19.2.2.1 Overview
19.2.2.2 Companies
19.2.3 Cell Testing
19.2.3.1 Overview
19.2.3.2 Companies
19.2.4 Cell Assembly and Manufacturing
19.2.4.1 Overview
19.2.4.2 Companies
19.2.5 Battery Analytics
19.2.5.1 Overview
19.2.5.2 Companies
19.2.6 Second Life Assessment
19.2.6.1 Overview
19.2.6.2 Companies

20.1 Cell Design
20.1.1 Overview
20.1.1.1 Larger cell formats
20.1.1.2 Bipolar battery architecture
20.1.1.3 Thick Format Electrodes
20.1.1.4 Dual Electrolyte Li-ion
20.1.2 Commercial examples
20.1.2.1 Tesla 4680 Tabless Cell
20.1.2.2 EnPower multi-layer electrode technology
20.1.2.3 Prieto Battery
20.1.2.4 Addionics
20.1.3 Electrolyte Additives
20.1.4 Enhancing battery performance
20.2 Cell Performance
20.2.1 Energy density
20.2.1.1 BEV cell energy
20.2.1.2 Cell energy density
20.3 Battery Packs
20.3.1 Cell-to-pack
20.3.2 Cell-to-chassis/body
20.3.3 Bipolar batteries
20.3.4 Hybrid battery packs
20.3.4.1 CATL
20.3.4.2 Our Next Energy
20.3.4.3 Nio
20.3.5 Battery Management System (BMS)
20.3.5.1 Overview
20.3.5.2 Advantages
20.3.5.3 Innovation
20.3.5.4 Fast charging capabilities
20.3.5.5 Wireless Battery Management System technology
20.3.6 Advanced battery pack sensors and remote monitoring
20.3.6.1 The thermal runaway early-detection problem
20.3.6.2 Advanced sensor technologies
20.3.6.3 Market forecast
20.3.6.4 Remote monitoring and wireless BMS architectures
20.3.6.5 Integration and the path to predictive maintenance

22.1 Report scope
22.2 Research methodology

Table 1. Trends in the Li-ion market
Table 2. Li-ion manufacturing capacity vs. production, by region, 2025 and 2031 (GWh)
Table 3. Total Addressable Market for Li-ion Batteries
Table 4. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 5. Regional XEV Battery Demand 2036
Table 6. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036
Table 7. Market Value by Chemistry 2036
Table 8. Regional Market Value Distribution 2036
Table 9. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 10. Semi-solid-state battery Application Analysis 2036
Table 11. Semi-solid-state battery Cost Evolution
Table 12. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
Table 13. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
Table 14. Application Value Breakdown 2036
Table 15. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 16. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
Table 17. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 18. Sodium-ion Technology Distribution 2036
Table 19. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
Table 20. Sodium-ion Regional Market Value 2036
Table 21. Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand 2019-2036
Table 22. Technology Composition of Beyond Li-ion 2036
Table 23. Market Value Comparison: Li-ion vs Beyond Li-ion 2036
Table 24. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 25. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 26. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036
Table 27. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 28. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 29. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Table 30. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036
Table 31. Annual sales of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 2018-2036
Table 32. Battery chemistries used in electric buses
Table 33. Micro EV types
Table 34. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types
Table 35. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats
Table 36. Off-highway battery demand forecast by segment and technology, 2025-2036 (GWh)
Table 37. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
Table 38. Regional Breakdown 2036
Table 39. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036
Table 40. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2036
Table 41. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
Table 42. Regional Distribution 2036
Table 43. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036
Table 44. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh)
Table 45. Regional Micro-EVs Battery Value 2036
Table 46. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage
Table 47. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
Table 48. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Project Size Distribution 2036:
Table 49. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
Table 50. Battery Chemistry Mix Utility-Scale 2036
Table 51. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Customer Segments 2036
Table 52. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
Table 53. Battery Chemistry Mix C&I 2036
Table 54. Residential Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
Table 55. Battery Chemistry Mix Residential 2036
Table 56. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics
Table 57. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage
Table 58. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries
Table 59. Battery market megatrends
Table 60. Advanced materials for batteries
Table 61. Motivation for Battery Development Beyond Lithium
Table 62. Battery Chemistries
Table 63. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition
Table 64. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain
Table 65. Types of lithium battery
Table 66. Comparison of Li-ion battery anode materials
Table 67. Trends in the Li-ion battery market
Table 68. Si-anode performance summary
Table 69. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes
Table 70. Market Players' Production Capacites
Table 71. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements
Table 72. Markets and applications for silicon anodes
Table 73. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes)
Table 74. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes)
Table 75. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted (USD/kg)
Table 76. Silicon-anode companies
Table 77. Li-ion battery cathode materials
Table 78. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development
Table 79. Benefits of High and Ultra-High Nickel NMC
Table 80. Routes to High Nickel Cathode Stabilisation
Table 81. High-nickel Products Table
Table 82. Li-Mn-rich / lithium-manganese-rich / LMR-NMC costs
Table 83. Commercial lithium-manganese-rich cathode development
Table 84. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode developers
Table 85. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Table 86. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Table 87. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material
Table 88. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Table 89. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
Table 90. LMFP Cell Performance
Table 91. LMFP Energy Density Analysis
Table 92. LMFP Cost Analysis
Table 93. LMFP Cathode Developers
Table 94. LNMO Performance
Table 95. LNMO Energy Density Comparison
Table 96. Alternative Cathode Production Routes
Table 97. Alternative cathode synthesis routes
Table 98. Alternative Cathode Production Companies
Table 99. Recycled cathode materials facilities and capactites
Table 100. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials
Table 101. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials
Table 102. Li-ion battery Separator materials
Table 103. Lithium-Ion Cell Energy Density Evolution 2000-2036
Table 104. Anode Technology Comparison for High-Energy Cells
Table 105. Energy Density Technology Roadmap 2025-2036
Table 106. Market Penetration Forecast - High Energy Density Cells (>350 Wh/kg)
Table 107. Silicon-carbon composite anode adoption forecast by application, 2025-2036 (% of cell-level anode mass)
Table 108. PFAS Regulations Impacting Battery Manufacturing 2025-2036
Table 109. PFAS Compounds in Lithium-Ion Battery Production
Table 110. Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Performance Comparison
Table 111. PFAS Electrolyte Additives and Functions
Table 112. Economic Impact of PFAS Elimination by Cell Component ($/kWh)
Table 113. Global Li-ion battery additives market by category, 2025-2036 (US$ billion)
Table 114. Dry-electrode binder alternatives and development status, 2025
Table 115. Li-ion battery market players
Table 116. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow
Table 117. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries
Table 118. Comparison of LIB recycling methods
Table 119. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries
Table 120. Advanced Battery Recycling companies
Table 121. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 122. Cathode element demand forecast, 2025-2036 (kilotonnes)
Table 123. EV battery pack material demand forecast, selected categories, 2025-2036 (kilotonnes)
Table 124. Anode-less lithium-metal cell benefits
Table 125. Anode-less lithium-metal cell developers
Table 126. Hybrid Battery Technologies
Table 127. Applications for Li-metal batteries
Table 128. Li-metal battery developers
Table 129. Li-S performance characteristics
Table 130. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types
Table 131. Challenges with lithium-sulfur
Table 132. Li-S advantages and use cases
Table 133. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 134. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers
Table 135. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 136. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries
Table 137. Comparison of cathode materials
Table 138. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
Table 139. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials
Table 140. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes
Table 141. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials
Table 142. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries
Table 143. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials
Table 144. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes
Table 145. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes
Table 146. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite
Table 147. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof
Table 148. Comparison of carbon based anodes
Table 149. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries
Table 150. Na-ion electrolyte formulations
Table 151. Pros and cons compared to other battery types
Table 152. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries
Table 153. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells
Table 154. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 155. Cost Evolution and Competitiveness
Table 156. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 157. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries
Table 158. Types of solid-state electrolytes
Table 159. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries
Table 160. Solid Electrolyte Material Comparison
Table 161. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries
Table 162. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries
Table 163. Solid-State Battery Technology Readiness Level (TRL) by Company 2025
Table 164. Automotive OEM Solid-State Battery Programs 2025-2036
Table 165. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries
Table 166. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast by Electrolyte Type 2025-2036
Table 167. Cost and Performance Evolution for Solid-state batteries
Table 168. Solid-state thin-film battery market players
Table 169. Key Material Properties for Structural Battery Composites
Table 170. Electric Vehicle Impact Analysis - Structural Battery Composites
Table 171. Structural Battery Composites Market Forecast 2025-2036
Table 172. Life Cycle Environmental Impact Comparison (per kg of material)
Table 173. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements
Table 174. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries
Table 175. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components
Table 176. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes
Table 177. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries
Table 178. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries
Table 179. Types of fiber-shaped batteries
Table 180. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 181. Product developers in flexible batteries
Table 182. Components of transparent batteries
Table 183. Components of degradable batteries
Table 184. Product developers in degradable batteries
Table 185. Main components and properties of different printed battery types
Table 186. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements
Table 187. 2D and 3D printing techniques
Table 188. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries
Table 189. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries
Table 190. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn-MnO2 and other battery types
Table 191. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
Table 192. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries
Table 193. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Table 194. Product developers in printed batteries
Table 195. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries
Table 196. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Forecast 2025-2036
Table 197. Comprehensive RFB Chemistry Benchmarking
Table 198. RFB Component Cost Evolution 2025-2036
Table 199. Comparison of different battery types
Table 200. Summary of main flow battery types
Table 201. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 202. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
Table 203. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 204. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr)
Table 205. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 206. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 207. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
Table 208. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 209. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries
Table 210. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 211. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries
Table 212. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 213. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 214. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries
Table 215. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB)
Table 216. Key Active species for ORFBs
Table 217. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 218. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB)
Table 219. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 220. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 221. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 222. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 223. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 224. Redox flow battery value chain
Table 225. RFB Application Segment Forecast 2025-2036
Table 226. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD)
Table 227. Market Share Evolution
Table 228. RFB Regional Market Forecast 2025-2036
Table 229. Levelised cost of storage comparison, vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP, by duration (US$/MWh)
Table 230. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025-2036 (GWh)
Table 231. Global RFB market value forecast by chemistry, 2025-2036 (US$ billion)
Table 232. ZN-based battery product developers
Table 233. Off-highway battery pack requirements by machine type
Table 234.Global off-highway battery revenue forecast by segment, 2025-2036 (US$ million)
Table 235. C&I BESS technology mix forecast, 2025-2036 (% of annual GWh deployments)
Table 236. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026-2031 (US$/kWh)
Table 237. Li-ion LFP C&I BESS system cost breakdown, 2025 and 2036 (US$/kWh, 2-hour system)
Table 238. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in battery technology
Table 239. Machine learning approaches
Table 240. Types of Neural Networks
Table 241. Companies in materials informatics for batteries
Table 242. Data Forms for Cell Modelling
Table 243. Algorithmic Approaches for Different Testing Modes
Table 244. Companies in AI for cell testing for batteries
Table 245.Algorithmic Approaches in Manufacturing and Cell Assembly:
Table 246. AI-based battery manufacturing players
Table 247. Companies in AI for battery diagnostics and management
Table 248. Algorithmic Approaches and Data Inputs/Outputs
Table 249. Companies in AI for second-life battery assessment
Table 250. Electrolyte Additives
Table 251. Cell performance specification
Table 252. Commercial cell chemistries
Table 253. Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack
Table 254. Cell-to-pack and cell-to-body designs
Table 255. Advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025-2036 (US$ million)
Table 256. BMS architecture adoption forecast (share of new EV battery packs, %)
Table 257. 3DOM separator
Table 258. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 259. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 260. Chasm SWCNT products
Table 261. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 262. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 263. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries
Table 264. LiNa Energy battery characteristics
Table 265. Natrium Energy battery characteristics

Figure 1. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (in GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 2. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036
Figure 3. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
Figure 4. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
Figure 5. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 6. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
Figure 7. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 8. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
Figure 9. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 10. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 11. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036
Figure 12. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 13. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 14. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
Figure 15. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036
Figure 16. Salt-E Dog mobile battery
Figure 17. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution
Figure 18. Lithium Cell Design
Figure 19. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery
Figure 20. Li-ion battery cell pack
Figure 21. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries
Figure 23. Li-ion technology roadmap
Figure 24. Silicon anode value chain
Figure 25. Market development timeline
Figure 26. Silicon Anode Commercialization Timeline
Figure 27. Silicon anode value chain
Figure 28. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes)
Figure 29. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes)
Figure 30. Ultra-high Nickel Cathode Commercialization Timeline
Figure 31. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode SWOT analysis
Figure 32. Li-cobalt structure
Figure 33. Li-manganese structure
Figure 34. LNMO cathode SWOT
Figure 35. Global Li-ion battery additives market, 2025-2036 (US$ billion)
Figure 36. Li-ion conductive additive market share evolution, 2025-2036
Figure 37. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials
Figure 38. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
Figure 39. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 41. Umicore recycling flow diagram
Figure 42. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 43. Schematic of direct recycling process
Figure 44. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 45. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 46. Total EV battery material demand by category, 2025-2036 (kilotonnes)
Figure 47. BEV cathode chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036
Figure 48. Cathode active material demand by element, 2025-2036 (kilotonnes)
Figure 49. Silicon adoption in EV anodes, 2025-2036
Figure 50. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery
Figure 51. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries
Figure 52. Schematic diagram of Lithium-sulfur battery
Figure 53. Lithium-sulfur market value chain
Figure 54. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries
Figure 55. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 56. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 57. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
Figure 58. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG)
Figure 59. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications
Figure 60. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
Figure 61. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery
Figure 62. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries
Figure 63. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 64. Schematic of a Na-S battery
Figure 65. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries
Figure 66. Saturnose battery chemistry
Figure 67. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries
Figure 68. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 69. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery
Figure 70. ULTRALIFE thin film battery
Figure 71. Examples of applications of thin film batteries
Figure 72. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials
Figure 73. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right)
Figure 74. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB
Figure 75. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries
Figure 76. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries
Figure 77. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage
Figure 78. Types of flexible batteries
Figure 79. Flexible batteries on the market
Figure 80. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries
Figure 81. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures
Figure 82. a-c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs
Figure 83. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d-f)
Figure 84. Origami disposable battery
Figure 85. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt
Figure 86. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries
Figure 87. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark
Figure 88. Ag-Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy
Figure 89. Wearable self-powered devices
Figure 90. SWOT analysis: Flexible batteries
Figure 91. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 92. Transparent batteries
Figure 93. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries
Figure 94. Degradable batteries
Figure 95. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries
Figure 96. Various applications of printed paper batteries
Figure 97.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery
Figure 98. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together
Figure 99. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III)
Figure 100. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries
Figure 101. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
Figure 102. Scheme of a redox flow battery
Figure 103. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic
Figure 104. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
Figure 105. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system
Figure 106. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr)
Figure 107. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
Figure 108. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
Figure 109. Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries
Figure 110. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries
Figure 111. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
Figure 112. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery
Figure 113. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
Figure 114. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
Figure 115. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries
Figure 116. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB)
Figure 117. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap
Figure 118. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD)
Figure 119. Levelised cost of storage: vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP by duration, 2026 and 2030
Figure 120. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025-2036 (GWh)
Figure 121. Global RFB market value by chemistry, 2025-2036 (US$ billion)
Figure 122. Battery pack capacity range by off-highway machine type
Figure 123. Global off-highway battery demand, 2025-2036 (GWh)
Figure 124. Off-highway battery chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036
Figure 125. Regional distribution of off-highway battery demand, 2036
Figure 126. Global C&I BESS market by application, 2025-2036 (US$ billion)
Figure 127. Data centre BESS demand by region, 2025-2036 (GWh)
Figure 128. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026-2031 (US$/kWh)
Figure 129. C&I BESS technology mix, 2025 vs 2036 (% of GWh deployments)
Figure 130. Types of integrated battery packs
Figure 131. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells
Figure 132. Global advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025-2036 (US$ million)
Figure 133. 24M battery
Figure 134. 3DOM battery
Figure 135. AC biode prototype
Figure 136. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation
Figure 137. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm)
Figure 138. Amprius battery products
Figure 139. All-polymer battery schematic
Figure 140. All Polymer Battery Module
Figure 141. Resin current collector
Figure 142. Ateios thin-film, printed battery
Figure 143. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery
Figure 144. Containerized NAS® batteries
Figure 145. 3D printed lithium-ion battery
Figure 146. Blue Solution module
Figure 147. TempTraq wearable patch
Figure 148. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process
Figure 149. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest
Figure 150. Cymbet EnerChip™
Figure 151. E-magy nano sponge structure
Figure 152. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery
Figure 153. SoftBattery®
Figure 154. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg
Figure 155. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate
Figure 156. 40 Ah battery cell
Figure 157. FDK Corp battery
Figure 158. 2D paper batteries
Figure 159. 3D Custom Format paper batteries
Figure 160. Fuji carbon nanotube products
Figure 161. Gelion Endure battery
Figure 162. Gelion GEN3 lithium sulfur batteries
Figure 163. Grepow flexible battery
Figure 164. HPB solid-state battery
Figure 165. HiNa Battery pack for EV
Figure 166. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery
Figure 167. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose
Figure 168. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery
Figure 169. Ilika solid-state batteries
Figure 170. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials
Figure 171. Ionic Materials battery cell
Figure 172. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure
Figure 173. ITEN micro batteries
Figure 174. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module
Figure 175. LiBEST flexible battery
Figure 176. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells
Figure 177. LiNa Energy battery
Figure 178. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology
Figure 179. Lyten batteries
Figure 180. Cellulomix production process
Figure 181. Nanobase versus conventional products
Figure 182. Nanotech Energy battery
Figure 183. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept
Figure 184. NBD battery
Figure 185. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production
Figure 186. TEM images of carbon nanobrush
Figure 187. EnerCerachip
Figure 188. Cambrian battery
Figure 189. Printed battery
Figure 190. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery
Figure 191. Printed Energy flexible battery
Figure 192. ProLogium solid-state battery
Figure 193. QingTao solid-state batteries
Figure 194. Schematic of the quinone flow battery
Figure 195. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery
Figure 196. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery
Figure 197. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries
Figure 198. SES Apollo batteries
Figure 199. Sionic Energy battery cell
Figure 200. Solid Power battery pouch cell
Figure 201. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 202.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery
Figure 203. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell
Figure 204. Zoolnasm batteries