Understanding the Pandemic. Pathophysiology, Transmission and Treatment of COVID-19

Table of Contents

Section 1: coronaviruses (incl SARS-CoV and MERS), the structure (sequence), mechanism of action 1. Origin of SARS-CoV-2 2. SARS-CoV-2: Insights into the genome structure 3. Mechanism of binding and infection: Role of the Spike Glycoprotein 4. ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity 5. Population-Specific Polymorphisms and SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity 6. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: similarities and differences in origin and transmission Section 2: Immune Response to COVID-19 and its effects on various organs 7. Characterization of the immune response with viral attack 8. Immune Responses and COVID-19 severity 9. Seroconversion and Adaptive Immunity to COVID-19 10. Organ specific immune related changes with COVID-19 11. Blocking immune pathways in COVID-19 12. Immune Response in Fatal COVID-19 Section 3: "Clinical manifestations� based on reports from clinical observations and postmortem studies 13. Postmortem Examination of COVID-19 Lungs and Heart 14. Renal Histopathological Analysis Kidney 15. Postmortem Neuropathology in COVID-19 16. Microcirculation Section 4: The blood vessels and COVID-19: Vascular dysfunction, coagulopathies 17. Vascular manifestations of COVID-19: endothelial dysfunction and damage 18. Vasculitis and proinflammatory cascades with COVID-19 19. D-dimer in systemic circulation and COVID-19 outcome 20. Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Section 5: Neuro-COVID-19 and its long-term implications 21. COVID and the nervous system: Mechanisms and Consequences 22. Neuroinflammation with COVID-19: single cell and model studies 23. Neurologic and Psychiatric outcome in survivors Section 6: Should COVID-19 concern nephrologists? Why and to what extent?" 24. Mechanisms that drive in acute kidney injury with COVID-19 25. Models and cellular monolayers to study effect of SARS-CoV-2 on kidney 26. Renal Manifestations of COVID-19 in the Clinic Section 7: Long COVID-19 (long term effects summarizing of clinical reports in literature) 27. Long COVID or post-acute sequalae of COVID: An introduction 28. Mechanisms and Risk factors 29. Characterizing Long COVID-19: Lessons in the clinic 30. Risk factors and Management Section 8: The vaccines 31. COVID-19: The vaccine development strategies 32. mRNA vaccines: The new frontier 33. Safety and Efficacy: A comprehensive review Section 9: Public health handling (lessons from the US, EU, Brazil, China, India etc.) 34. US 35. EU 36. Brazil 37. China 38. India Section 10: From the Editors' desk 39. The COVID-10 pandemic: Lessons Learnt 40. Current and Future Perspectives

Authors

Shampa Chatterjee University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Dr. Shampa Chatterjee received her PhD in Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay) in 1997. Her research interests are in the field of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox biology as it relates to inflammation. Her lab studies the effect of ROS generated by the vascular wall in onset of inflammation. Toward this, work from her group shows that signals emanating from the wall of blood vessels are the earliest stimuli for the onset and amplification of inflammation. The topics addressed in this book are thus central to her research where she tries to unravel the balance between host defense and inflammation induced damage.

Currently, Dr. Chatterjee serves on the Editorial Board of several journals in the field of pulmonary physiology (American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pulmonary Circulation and Jacobs Journal of Physiology). She has published more than 50 papers in peer reviewed journals. She has also received numerous awards such as the Carolin Tum Suden young Investigator Award, and the Hermann Rahn award for Excellence if Pulmonary Physiology in 2015. Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto Professor, Disciplina de Emerg�ncias cl�nicas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S�o Paulo Brazil, Brazil. Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto is a Brazilian infectious disease physician and anatomical pathologist. He graduated in Medicine in 1999 from the University of Pernambuco and followed it with a medical residency in Internal Medicine and Infectiology at the University of S�o Paulo. His clinical path was as an intensivist and emergency care specialist. Besides his clinical responsibilities, he also studied infectious diseases and supervised students and residents. He completed his PhD on the pathology of severe leptospirosis followed by a medical residency in pathology at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center in S�o Paulo. Since then, he has been dedicated to autopsy and infectious disease pathology such as COVID-19, yellow fever and other hemorrhagic fevers in Brazil, AIDS, tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal and parasitic diseases. He is currently a physician in the Department of Pathology at the University of S�o Paulo and at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, S�o Paulo, Brazil. Marco Cascella Professor, Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Italy. Marco Cascella currently works at the Department of Supportive Care at the National Cancer Institute, Fondazione "G. Pascale� - IRCCS, Naples, Italy, where he is head of Single Operative Unit of Pain Medicine and Research in Anesthesia. He is also an annual Professor of Physiology on the Degree Course in Biomedical Laboratory Techniques at the Faculty of Medicine, University "Federico II�, Naples and active member of the scientific board on cancer pain and palliative care of the Italian Society of Anesthesia (SIAARTI). He is head and co-investigator on various research projects and serves as Editor for research projects sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Health. He is scientific reviewer/coordinator for the protocols implemented by the Multidisciplinary Emergency Unit for COVID-19 of the Campania Region (Italy). Dr. Cascella has been chairmen and speaker at numerous conferences and conventions. He has published over 200 scientific publications, including peer-reviewed manuscripts, books, and book chapters. Sonia Villapol Associate Professor, Neurosurgery Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, USA. Sonia Villapol is Assistant Professor of neurosurgery at the Center for Neuroregeneration at Houston Methodist Research Institute. She graduated from the University of Santiago of Compostela (Spain) with a bachelor's degree in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in 2003. She received her master�s degree and Ph.D. in neuroscience from the Autonomous University of Barcelona in 2007. After postdoctoral stints at CNRS in the University Pierre and Marie Curie VI and INSERM and at the National Institutes of Health, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, and Uniformed Services University (USUHS) in Bethesda, Dr. Villapol joined the Houston Methodist research Institute as Assistant Professor. The lab is funded via extramural research funding from NIH, and she serves as a standing member at Molecular Neurogenetics NIH Study Section (MNG). She is also an Associate Editor for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. She has published over 50 articles in peer reviewed journals and book chapters. Anand Viswanathan Associate Professor, Neurology, Harvard Medical School, USA.

Dr. Anand Viswanathan is a member of the Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and is a staff neurologist in both the Stroke Service and Memory Disorders Unit. He received his MD, PhD in medicine and molecular genetics from Emory University. He was trained in internal medicine at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center prior to his residency program in vascular neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Dr. Viswanathan served as a clinical research fellow with Professors Marie-Germaine Bousser and Hugues Chabriat at the Hospital Lariboisiere in Paris from 2005-2006. His group actively collaborates with colleagues at the Hospital. Dr. Viswanathan's research interests include studying the contributions of stroke and vascular risk factors to dementia.

Aravind Ganesh Assistant professor, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada.

Dr. Aravind Ganesh is a Vascular and Cognitive Neurologist. He completed his MD degree at the University of Calgary, followed by a DPhil in Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Oxford's Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia as a Rhodes scholar. He earned an Associate Fellowship from the United Kingdom's Higher Education Academy through his teaching contributions at St John's College (Oxford). He completed his neurology residency in Calgary, followed by a combined fellowship in stroke and cognitive neurology, funded by Alberta Innovates and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr. Ganesh is a Fellow of the Canadian Stroke Consortium and actively involved in the development of best-practice guidelines for stroke and dementia care. His clinical research is focused on natural history, prevention, and treatment of stroke and cognitive impairment. He is passionate about medical education, and serves on the editorial boards of Neurology, Neurology: Clinical Practice, and Stroke.

Ching Lung Lai Professor of Medicine and Hepatology, University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.

Ching-lung Lai is the Emeritus Professor and was the Simon KY Lee Professor in Gastroenterology and the Chair Professor of Medicine and Hepatology at the Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong. For the last four decades Dr. Lai has been extensively involved in research on various aspects of the hepatitis B virus, including molecular virology, natural history, treatment, and prevention. He is one of the lead investigators in the pivotal trials of various nucleos(t)ide analogues which have revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. He is also involved in studies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Recently Dr. Lai's group started studying immune response to COVID-19. Professor Lai has published over 520 peer-reviewed papers and reviews in international journals. His publications have been widely cited and he is one of top scientists in the field of chronic hepatitis B infection and has edited a book on the topic.

Giuseppe Remuzzi Director, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy.

Professor of Nephrology, Director of the Department of Medicine of the Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo (Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital), Italy and Director of the Division of Nephrology and Dialysis of the same hospital. He also directs the Negri Bergamo Laboratories of the "Mario Negri� Institute for Pharmacological Research, a group of basic scientists and clinicians devoted to the study of human renal diseases and their corresponding animal models from the perspective of pathophysiology and therapeutic intervention. He touched major advances in many areas of nephrology. For example, his studies have led to new insights into many disorders, including the interactions between platelets and endothelium, pathophysiology of glomerular diseases and the factors that influence the progressive loss of kidney function. Work focused on improving the outlook for patients with end stage renal disease. Giuseppe Remuzzi pays tribute to the work of pioneers such as Barry Brenner, who delved deep into the processes behind glomerular function and their possible reversibility. Early work on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to slow the decline of glomerular filtration rates proved dialysis was avoidable, not inevitable. Studies on immunologic mechanisms that influence the survival of transplanted organs, understanding of immunologic tolerance in the disorders that are linked to autoimmunity and finally, genetic diseases of the kidney have also been areas of investigation. Concerned by kidney donation shortages and deploring the current practice of discarding suboptimal donor kidneys, his team has shown that transplanting such kidneys in pairs is feasible and have set up an international effort to validate this approach. Giuseppe Remuzzi is investigating the kidney's ability to regenerate itself.

He authored and co-authored more than 1201 scientific articles, reviews and monographs and serves on editorial boards of numerous journals, he is member of the International Advisory Board of The Lancet and is Editorial Board member of the New England Journal of Medicine from 1995-2013. During his professional career he received the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) Jean Hamburger Award (World Congress of Nephrology (WCN) 2005, Singapore), the John P. Peters Award (American Society of Nephrology (ASN) 2007, San Francisco) and the ISN AMGEN Award (WCN 2011, Vancouver). In November 2011, he won the Third Edition of the International Award "Luis Hernando" assigned by the I�igo Alvarez de Toledo Renal Foundation (FRIAT) in Madrid, Spain. He is, since June 2013, President of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) for the period 2013-2015.